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What are the three overarching categories of structural relationships?
Recurrence structures, semantic structures, and rhetorical structures
What is recurrence?
Recurrence is the repetition of the same or similar terms, phrases, or other elements, which may involve motifs, concepts, persons, literary forms, or other structural relationships.
What are the three necessary elements of recurrence?
1) Frequency: The term or phrase must occur two or more times.
2) Distribution: The term or phrase must be distributed throughout more than half of the literary unit (e.g., book, division, section, or segment).
3) Significance: The term or phrase must bear substantive meaning (e.g., "and" would not qualify).
What are the three major functions of recurrence?
1) It usually indicates emphasis.
2) It allows the writer to develop a theme or concept throughout the book.
3) It enables the writer to develop depth and richness of presentation by inviting an interpretation of individual occurrences in light of the others and in light of the recurring pattern as a whole.
What are semantic structures?
Semantic structures are characterized by binary or twofold progression employed to indicate sense connection: movement from something to something.
List twelve major semantic structural relationships.
Contrast, Comparison, Particularization, Generalization, Causation, Substantiation, Climax, Cruciality, Interrogation, Instrumentation, Preparation/Realization, and Summarization.
Define Contrast.
Contrast is the association of opposites or of things whose differences the writer wishes to stress. Whether explicitly or implicitly, the idea of "but" or "however" is central to contrast.
Define Comparison.
Comparison is the association of like things, or of things whose similarities are emphasized by the writer. Whether explicitly or implicitly, the idea of "like," "as," or "so" is central to comparison.
Define Particularization.
Particularization is the movement from general to particular.
List five different types of particularization.
1) Identificational Particularization
2) Ideological Particularization
3) Historical Particularization
4) Geographical Particularization
5) Biographical Particularization
Define Identificational Particularization.
Identificational Particularization involves a general heading that presents the essential character of the material that follows.
Define Ideological Particularization.
Ideological Particularization involves a general statement that the writer develops in the material that follows.
Define Historical Particularization.
Historical Particularization involves the movement from a general description of a historical event or period to a specific description of the details of that event or period.
Define Geographical Particularization.
Geographical Particularization involves the movement from the presentation of a broader geographical area to the description of a specific location within that broader area.
Define Biographical Particularization.
Biographical Particularization involves the movement from the presentation of a group of persons to the specific description of a subgroup or even an individual within the originally presented larger group.
Define Generalization.
Generalization is the movement from particular to general. It involves the same two components as particularization but in reverse sequence.
List five different types of generalization.
1) Identificational Generalization
2) Ideological Generalization
3) Historical Generalization
4) Geographical Generalization
5) Biographical Generalization
Define Identificational Generalization.
Identificational Generalization involves a general description of the essential character of the material that precedes this general description. At the book level, this description is usually found at or near the end of the book.
Define Ideological Generalization.
Ideological Generalization involves setting forth something similar to a thesis statement at or near the end of the book, one that in a general way encapsulates the message of the book or a significant aspect of the book's message.
Define Historical Generalization.
Historical Generalization involves the movement from a relatively detailed description of an event or historical period to a general description of that event or historical period.
Define Geographical Generalization.
Geographical Generalization involves the movement from the presentation of one geographical area to the presentation of the larger area of which this smaller area is a part.
Define Biographical Generalization.
Biographical Generalization involves the movement from one person or subgroup to the presentation of a larger group of which the originally described person or subgroup is a part.
Define Causation.
Causation is the movement from cause to effect. The key term (when explicit) is "therefore," "so," or "then."
List three different types of causation.
1) Historical Causation
2) Logical Causation
3) Hortatory Causation
Define Historical Causation.
Historical causation occurs when a historical event causes, or produces, another event.
Define Logical Causation.
Logical causation occurs when one statement logically causes, or leads to, another statement, when a writer draws an inference from what he has just said.
Define Hortatory Causation.
Hortatory causation occurs when a writer moves from a statement in the indicative to a command, or exhortation, in the imperative: because A is so, therefore you ought to do B.
Define Substantiation.
Substantiation is the movement from effect to cause. The key term (when explicit) is "because" or "for."
List three different types of substantiation.
1) Historical Substantiation
2) Logical Substantiation
3) Hortatory Substantiation
Define Historical Substantiation.
Historical substantiation occurs when the reason why an event took place, the cause, is given later in the book: the reason why A occurred is B.
Define Logical Substantiation.
Logical substantiation occurs when a writer moves from declaration(s) or claim(s) to the reason why the declaration or claim is true and ought to be accepted: the reason I say (and you should believe) A is B.
Define Hortatory Substantiation.
Hortatory substantiation occurs when the writer moves from an exhortation, or a passage characterized by exhortation, to the reason why the exhortation should be obeyed: you ought to obey A because of B.
Define Climax.
Climax is the movement from the lesser to the greater, toward a high point of culmination.
Define Cruciality.
Cruciality involves the device of the pivot. Elements on each side of the pivot differ from those on the other side because of the pivot. It involves a change of direction, a radical reversal, a total turning around of the material because of the pivot passage.
Which two relationships are implied by cruciality?
1) Contrast (between what precedes the pivot and what follows it)
2) Recurrence of Causation: A causal movement often flows from the material that precedes the pivot to the pivot itself, and one will always find a causal movement from the pivot toward what follows it.
Define Interrogation.
Interrogation is the employment of a question or a problem followed by its answer or solution.
Explain the two types of interrogation.
1) The question raised is followed by an answer.
2) The statement of a problem is followed by the solution to the problem. This form has no explicit grammatical markers, such as question marks; the movement is subtle and implicit.
Define Instrumentation.
Instrumentation involves the movement from means to end.
State the two types of instrumentation.
1) The statement of purpose
2) The description of means
Explain the statement of purpose.
The statement of purpose is an explicit declaration of purpose or end and includes the phrase "in order that" or its equivalent (e.g., "so that" or "that").
Explain the description of means.
The description of means is the presentation of the means by which something is accomplished. The key ideas here are "by means of" or "through," yet, in contrast to the statement-of-purpose type of instrumentation, these terms are not necessarily explicitly stated.
Define Preparation/Realization.
Preparation/realization, or introduction, is the inclusion of background or setting for events or ideas. Preparation pertains to the background or introductory material itself, while realization is that for which the preparation is made.
What is a specific form of preparation/realization within the Bible?
The prediction-fulfillment pattern, in which a prediction made in the book comes to realization later in the same book.
Define Summarization.
Summarization is an abridgment or compendium (summing up) either preceding or following a unit of material. Contrary to the general statement of generalization or particularization, summarization is actually a point-by-point recapitulation (or if the summary statement precedes what is being summarized, precapitulation) of what is being summarized.
State the threefold interpretive significance of summarization.
1) The selectivity of the summary statement indicates what is of prime importance in the material being summarized.
2) The manner of description of a summary statement points to the way in which the reader is to construe the main elements in the material being summarized.
3) The immediate context of a summary statement may be significant for fully realizing its interpretive function.
What are rhetorical structures?
Rhetorical structures involve the arrangement of material within the text. Unlike semantic relationships, they do not include within themselves a certain sense or meaning; rather, they pertain only to the ordering or placement of elements within the text. They are typically combined with a semantic relationship to strengthen (and perhaps develop) that semantic relationship.
List four rhetorical structural relationships.
1) Chiasm
2) Inclusio
3) Interchange
4) Intercalation
Define Chiasm.
Chiasm is the repetition of elements in inverted order: a-b-b'-a'. Sometimes chiasm has a middle element, in which case the order would be a-b-c-b'-a'.
Concerning chiasm, list four points of potential significance in interpretation.
1) The chiasm invites the reader to interpret the corresponding elements in light of one another.
2) It invites the reader to consider seriously the relationship between the sets of coordinate elements (A/A' to B/B').
3) It normally involves an emphasis upon the first and last elements mentioned (A and A').
4) Sometimes when a passage has a middle element (e.g., C), the chiasm suggest that this middle element is the primary concern around which the other features of the chiasm (A and 
revolve.
Define Inclusio.
Inclusio is the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning and end of a unit, thus creating a bracket effect. At the boundaries, an inclusio establishes the main thought of the book (or passage), pointing to the essential concern of the book (or passage).
Why is it important for one to note the relationship between the bracketing statements and the intervening material of an inclusio?
Such an observation will enable one to identify the semantic relationship with which an inclusio is used.
Define Interchange.
Interchange is the exchanging or alternation of certain elements in an a-b-a-b arrangement. It can be used to strengthen contrast or causation and substantiation, for example.
Define Intercalation.
Intercalation is the insertion of one literary unit in the midst of another literary unit. It usually means a splitting apart of a narrative in order to interpose another narrative within it, causing the reader to pause and to ponder the relationship between the intercalated material and the material that surrounds it.
