Verbum 9 Tip 9w: Guide section: Apparatuses

MJ. Smith · July 2021

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Language and Linguistics

The next group of guide sections are those that dissect the text using the tools of language, literature, and linguistics. Some require specialized knowledge to us fully, others cover elements that most users know “intuitively.” This data is supplemented by the even more detailed data in the Bible Word Study.

Apparatuses

From Verbum Help:[quote]

Apparatuses Section

Lists links to critical apparatus resources on the current reference. This is a special-interest section on text critical issues that appears in the Exegetical Guide.^{^[1]}

Prerequisite reading:

Representative sample of resources included: all books of type:Bible-apparatus e.g.

Charles, Robert Henry, ed. Apocrypha of the Old Testament (apparatuses). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913.
Charles, R.H. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation of St John. Edinburgh: T&T Clark International, 1920.
Holmes, Michael W. Apparatus for the Greek New Testament: SBL Edition. Logos Bible Software, 2010.
Schenker, Adrian, Jan de Waard, P. B. Dirksen, Yohanan Goldman, Rolf Schäfer, Magne Sæbø, David Marcus, and Carmel McCarthy. Biblia Hebraica Quinta.: Deuteronomy.; Volume 18: General Introduction and Megilloth.; Volume 20: Ezra and Nehemiah. Vol. 5. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft., n.d.
Weil, Gérard E., K. Elliger, and W. Rudolph, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. 5. Aufl., rev. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1997.
Weber, Robertus, and R. Gryson. Biblia Sacra Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem. Apparatus Criticus. 5th revised edition. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1969.
Weber, Robertus, and R. Gryson. Biblia Sacra Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem: Psalmi Iuxta Hebraicum et Varia Lectio. Apparatus Criticus. 5th revised edition. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1969.
Ottley, Richard R., ed. The Book of Isaiah according to the Septuagint (Codex Alexandrinus) (Critical Apparatus). Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1906.
Lake, Kirsopp. Codex 1 of the Gospels and Its Allies: Greek Apparatus. Edited by J. Armitage Robinson. No. 3. Vol. 7. Texts and Studies: Contributions to Biblical and Patristic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge at the University Press, 1902.
Oesterley, W. O. E. Codex Taurinensis (Y): Apparatus. London; Edinburgh; New York; Toronto; Melbourne: Henry Frowde; Oxford University Press, 1908.
Grossouw, Willem. The Coptic Versions of the Minor Prophets: A Contribution to the Study of the Septuagint. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1938.
Wevers, John William, ed. Deuteronomium. Vol. III, 2. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006.
Wevers, John William, ed. Deuteronomium. Vol. III, 2. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006.
McCarthy, Carmel. Deuteronomy: Critical Apparatus and Notes. Quinta editione. Vol. 5. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2007.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. Duodecim Prophetae. Vol. XIII. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1984.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. Duodecim Prophetae. Vol. XIII. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1984.
Hanhart, Robert, ed. Esdrae Liber I. Vol. VIII, 1. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1991.
Hanhart, Robert, ed. Esdrae Liber II. Vol. VIII, 2. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1993.
Hanhart, Robert, ed. Esther. Vol. VIII, 3. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983.
Hanhart, Robert, ed. Esther. Vol. VIII, 3. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983.
Wevers, John William, ed. Exodus. Vol. II, 1. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1991.
Wevers, John William, ed. Exodus. Vol. II, 1. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1991.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. Ezechiel. Vol. XVI, 1. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. Ezechiel. Vol. XVI, 1. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006.
Marcus, David. Ezra and Nehemiah: Critical Apparatus and Notes. Quinta editione. Vol. 20. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006.
Bensly, Robert L. The Fourth Book of Ezra: Latin Apparatus. Edited by Robert L. Bensly and J. Armitage Robinson. No. 2. Vol. 3. Texts and Studies: Contributions to Biblical and Patristic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge at the University Press, 1895.
Wevers, John William, ed. Genesis. Vol. I. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1974.
Wevers, John William, ed. Genesis. Vol. I. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1974.
Tal, Abraham. Genesis: Critical Apparatus and Notes. Quinta editione. Vol. 1. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2015.
Aland, Barbara, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, and Bruce Metzger, eds. The Greek New Testament: Apparatus. Fifth Revised Edition. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft; American Bible Society; United Bible Societies, 2014.
Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux, ed. The Greek New Testament: Apparatus. London: Samuel Bagster and Sons; C. J. Stewart, 1857–1879.
Alford, Henry. Alford’s Greek Testament: An Exegetical and Critical Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Guardian Press, 1976.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. “Habacuc Caput III.” In Duodecim Prophetae, Vol. XIII. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1984.
Von Gall, August Freiherr, ed. Der Hebräische Pentateuch Der Samaritaner (Apparat). Gießen: Verlag von Alfred Töpelmann, 1918.
McRae, Calvin Alexander. The Hebrew Text of Ben Sira: Critical Notes. Toronto: Queen Printing Co., 1910.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. Iob. Vol. XI, 4. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1982.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. Iob. Vol. XI, 4. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1982.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. Isaias. Vol. XIV. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. Isaias. Vol. XIV. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983.
Hanhart, Robert, ed. Iudith. Vol. VIII, 4. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1979.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. Jeremias, Baruch, Threni, Epistula Jeremiae. Vol. XV. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. Jeremias, Baruch, Threni, Epistula Jeremiae. Vol. XV. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006.
Fernández Marcos, Natalio. Judges: Critical Apparatus and Notes. Quinta editione. Vol. 7. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2011.
Leiden Peshitta: Critical Apparatus. Leiden: Peshitta Institute Leiden, 2008.
Wevers, John William, ed. Leviticus. Vol. II, 2. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1986.
Wevers, John William, ed. Leviticus. Vol. II, 2. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1986.
Kappler, Werner, ed. Maccabaeorum Liber I. Vol. IX, 1. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1967.
Kappler, Werner, ed. Maccabaeorum Liber II. Vol. IX, 2. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008.
Hanhart, Robert, ed. Maccabaeorum Liber III. Vol. IX, 3. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1980.
De Waard, J., P. B. Dirksen, Y. A. P. Goldman, R. Schäfer, and M. Sæbø. Megilloth: Critical Apparatus and Notes. Quinta editione. Vol. 18. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2004.
Nestle, Eberhard, and Erwin Nestle. Nestle-Aland: NTG Apparatus Criticus. Edited by Barbara Aland, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, and Bruce M. Metzger. 28. revidierte Auflage. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2012.
Tischendorf, Constantin von, Caspar René Gregory, and Ezra Abbot, eds. Novum Testamentum Graece. Lipsiae: Giesecke & Devrient, 1869–1894.
Tischendorf, Constantin von, Caspar Rene Gregory, and Ezra Abbot. Novum Testamentum Graece: Prolegomena. Faithlife, 2003.
Wevers, John William, ed. Numeri. Vol. III, 1. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1982.
Wevers, John William, ed. Numeri. Vol. III, 1. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1982.
Swete, Henry Barclay. The Old Testament in Greek: According to the Septuagint (Apparatus Alternative). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1909.
Swete, Henry Barclay. The Old Testament in Greek: According to the Septuagint (Apparatus). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1909.
De Waard, Jan. Proverbs: Critical Apparatus and Notes. Quinta editione. Vol. 17. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2008.
Rahlfs, Alfred, ed. Psalmi Cum Odis. Vol. X. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1979.
Quast, Udo, ed. Ruth. Vol. IV, 3. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006.
Quast, Udo, ed. Ruth. Vol. IV, 3. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. Sapientia Iesu Filii Sirach. Vol. XII, 2. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1980.
Ziegler, Joseph, ed. Sapientia Salomonis. Vol. XII, 1. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1980.
Von Soden, Hermann Freiherr. Die Schriften Des Neuen Testaments: Text Mit Apparat: Apparat. Vol. II. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1913.
Rahlfs, Alfred, and Robert Hanhart, eds. Septuaginta: Apparatus Criticus. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006.
Rahlfs, Alfred, and Robert Hanhart, eds. Septuaginta: Apparatus Criticus (Alternate Texts). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006.
Ziegler, Joseph, Olivier Munnich, and Detlef Fraenkel, eds. Susanna, Daniel, Bel et Draco. Vol. XVI, 2. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999.
Ziegler, Joseph, Olivier Munnich, and Detlef Fraenkel, eds. Susanna, Daniel, Bel et Draco. Vol. XVI, 2. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999.
Ziegler, Joseph, Olivier Munnich, and Detlef Fraenkel, eds. Susanna, Daniel, Bel et Draco. Vol. XVI, 2. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999.
Landon, Charles. A Text-Critical Study of the Epistle of Jude. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996.
Hanhart, Robert, ed. Tobit. Vol. VIII, 5. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983.
Hanhart, Robert, ed. Tobit. Vol. VIII, 5. Vetus Testamentum Graecum. Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Editum. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983.
Gelston, Anthony. The Twelve Minor Prophets: Critical Apparatus and Notes. Quinta editione. Vol. 13. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2010.

Examples of sigla

From Burke, Tony, and Brent Landau, eds. New Testament Apocrypha: More Noncanonical Scriptures. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2016.[quote]

Sigla

[text] Square brackets indicate damaged, illegible, or missing text, whether restorable or unrecoverable.

(text) Parentheses or round brackets indicate words added by the translator for clarity.

<text> Pointed brackets indicate a correction or emendation made to a text by the translator.

{text} Braces enclose dittographies (double writings) or other erroneous readings in a manuscript or text.

{…} Braces containing three ellipsis points indicate that a textual tradition (i.e., involving more than one manuscript) has lost one or more words in transmission and that the original reading cannot be reconstructed with any confidence.^{^[2]}

From Charlesworth, James H. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Vol. 1. New York; London: Yale University Press, 1983.[quote]

Chapter and verse numbers

We have endeavored to present the documents below in a format similar to that of the Jerusalem Bible. Hence, chapters and verses are supplied. A new chapter is indicated by a large bold numeral. Verse numbers are placed in the margin in ordinary roman type; in the text itself, the beginning of each verse is marked by a • which precedes the first word of the verse except when the verse begins a new line or a new chapter. Because of their linguistic nature, some documents—such as the Sibylline Oracles, Letter of Aristeas, and Syriac Menander—are not divided into chapters and verses. These are presented so that the beginning of each line or section of text is noted in the margin with numbers in ordinary roman type as with verse numbers.

Italics in the text

Italic type in the text denotes full or partial quotations of the Bible. The biblical passage from which the quotation is derived is noted in the margin.

Brackets and other sigla in the translation

[ ] Square brackets denote restorations.

‹ › Pointed brackets signify corrections to a text.

( ) Parentheses circumscribe words added by the translator. Ancient languages are cryptic; verbs, nouns, and pronouns are often omitted. These are, of course, necessary for idiomatic English and are presented within parentheses.

| | This siglum indicates a letter incorrectly omitted by an ancient scribe.

{ } Braces denote unnecessary words or letters in an ancient text.^{^[3]}

From Grossouw, Willem. The Coptic Versions of the Minor Prophets: A Contribution to the Study of the Septuagint. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1938.[quote]

The following groups, which will be discussed later are indicated by sigla:

A′ = A 106.

Q′ = Q 26.

Hes = A′ Q ′ 198 233.

h = 198 233 449 534 538 544 710 (or the majority).

Hes′ = Hes + h.

l = 22 (36) 48 51 (231 from Za. 12:13 onwards).

d = 62 147; d′ = d + 86.

v = 95 185 (2 Vienna MSS of the Commentary of Theodore of Mopsuestia).

Luc = l + d (+ 86) + v + 71 9 (lacunal).

e = 130 311 (old Egyptian text).

Luc′ = Luc + e.

c = (68) 87 91 97 228 310 (= catena Philothei) (490) (Ald) or the majority.

Cat = c + 49.

W′ = W 407 410.

f = 46 711.

Compl′ = Compl 42.

Compl″ = Compl 40 42.

Versions:

Lat = Old Latin, taken from Oesterley and Dold (¹).

ArmEd, ArmMS = Armenian Edition, Armenian MS (from H-P).

Arm = ArmEd + MS.

Syrhex = Syro-Hexaplar (occasionally).

Slav, Georg = Slavonic, Georgian (rarely, from H-P).

Fathers:

Clem Alex = Clement of Alexandria, according to Stählin (²).

Cyr = Cyril of Alexandria, collated anew from Pusey’s edition (¹); Cyr(A) etc. = variants from codices designated by Pusey A etc. (Cyr[F] = Cod. gr. 40).

Hier = LXX in St. Jerome’s commentary on the Minor Prophets collated anew from Migne P. L. 25, 815–1578.

Iren = Irenaeus.

Iust = St. Justin Martyr, collated from Goodspeed (²).

Other Fathers are quoted from H-P.

Mass = Massoretic text.

Vulg = Vulgate.

Hexapla from Field (³): Or = Origen’s Hexapla; αʹ = Aquila; σʹ = Symmachus; θʹ = Theodotion; εʹ = Quinta.

omnes = all (with the exception of one or two) codices etc.

cett = all other codices etc. excepting those quoted for another reading.

Lat^p etc. = Lat etc. partim (other codices differently).

plq = plerique (the great majority of codices etc.).

sim. = (or) similar reading, sense etc.

+, add. = addit (addunt).

>, om. = omittit (omittunt).

vid. = videtur.

p. = persona.

pl., sg. = pluralis, singularis.

m., f. = masculini, feminini generis.

W*, W² = prima manus, secunda manus.

Q^c = corrector.

Q^mg = in margine.

pr. = praemittit (praemittunt).

tr. = transponit (transponunt).

ανθρωποι 1º◠ανθρωποι 2º = omissio per homoeoteleuton.

incert. = lectio aut sensus incertus.^{^[4]}

From Nestle, Eberhard, and Erwin Nestle. Nestle-Aland: NTG Apparatus Criticus. Edited by Barbara Aland, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, and Bruce M. Metzger. 28. revidierte Auflage. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2012.[quote]

2. Critical Signs Used in the Text

Critical signs in the text (°, ⸋…⸌, ⸀ etc.) refer to the critical apparatus, and are explained in that connection (cf. below pp. 56f.). These are the traditional signs of Eberhard Nestle’s editions. They indicate the variants in the apparatus accurately and efficiently, with the advantage of alerting the reader to both their location and their nature without having a look away from the text. Readers who are interested only in the text can easily ignore them.

[ ]

Square brackets in the text ([ ]) except in the case of the Catholic Letters indicate that textual critics today are not completely convinced of the authenticity of the enclosed words (cf. Mt 18,19; Ac 16,1). These passages are always noted explicitly in the apparatus so that the reader may evaluate them independently. The reading given in the text shows the preference of the editors. For practical reasons the evidence given in the apparatus always includes the support for the reading in the text. Square brackets always reflect a great degree of difficulty in determining the text.

♦

The sign ♦ (diamond) indicates passages where the guiding line is split in the second edition of the ECM, because there are two variants which in the editors’ judgement could equally well be adopted in the reconstructed initial text. In the EC M apparatus the alternative variant is marked with ♦ as well. In the present edition the diamond precedes the reference sign of the respective variant passage and the variant text in the apparatus. This does not mean that the editors regard the text as definitively established in all other passages. However, square brackets and other signs are no longer seen as suitable for expressing different degrees of reliability in the reconstructed initial text. This requires more sophisticated forms of presentation, like a text-critical commentary.

⟦ ⟧

Double brackets in the text (⟦ ⟧) indicate that the enclosed words, generally of some length, are known not to be a part of the original text. These texts derive from a very early stage of the tradition, and have often played a significant role in the history of the church (cf. Jn 7,53–8,11).

*

For asterisks in the text (*) cf. p. 85.

Quotations from the Old Testament are printed in italics.^{^[5]}

Critical Signs

The following signs in the critical apparatus refer to corresponding signs in the text of a given verse, or more rarely, a sequence of verses (cf. Lk 22,19/20). They show the exact location and nature of the variant recorded in the apparatus, and are not repeated within a single verse or within a verse sequence constituting an apparatus unit. Apparent exceptions are easily explained by their contexts. (cf. Mt 1,9 ⸀)

°

The word following in the text is omitted by the witnesses cited.

⸋ ⸌

The words, clauses or sentences between these signs are omitted by the witnesses cited.

⸀

The word following in the text is replaced with one or more words by the witnesses cited.

⸂ ⸃

The words between these signs are replaced with other words by the witnesses cited. Frequently this involves the transposition of words. To the extent that the words are identical with those in the text, they are indicated by italic numerals corresponding to their position in the printed text (cf. Mt 27,51).

⸆

This sign marks the location where one or more words, sometimes a whole verse, are inserted by the witnesses cited.

⸉ ⸊

The words between these signs are transposed by the witnesses cited. The sequence of the transposed words is indicated where necessary by italic numerals corresponding to the position of the words in the printed text (cf. Mt 16,13).

˸

A raised colon indicates a variant form of punctuation.

⸈

The word or verse of text is transposed as indicated in the apparatus (cf. Lk 6,5; Jn 13,8).

°¹ °²/⸋¹ ⸋²/⸁ ⸀¹ ⸀²/⸄ ⸂¹ ⸂²/⸇ ⸆¹ ⸆²/⸉¹ ⸉²/˸^:1 ˸^:2

Centered dots and superscript numerals distinguish between multiple occurrences of the same kind of variant within a single unit of the apparatus.

⸋…⸌, ⸂…⸃ ⸉…⸊

The signs ⸋…⸌, ⸂…⸃ and ⸉…⸊ occasionally enclose longer passages spanning several verses. In such instances the verse references are indicated (cf. Lk 3,23–31.38). There are no instances of confusion possible due to the overlapping of similar variants; it is always necessary to look for the sign of closure.

Organization of the Apparatus

•

A large dot followed by a bold verse number opens each new section of the apparatus. Critical signs do not occur twice within a single section; their repetitions are distinguished by the addition of centered dots or numerals. Apparatus sections usually span a single verse; when variants extend over several verses, this is made explicit by the reference following the large dot (cf. Lk 22,19/20).

|

A solid vertical line separates the instances of variation from each other within a single verse or section of the apparatus.

¦

A broken vertical line separates the various alternative readings from each other within a single instance of variation. These readings taken together comprise a group of readings, or a variation unit.

txt

This sign (= textus) introduces the list of witnesses supporting the text of this edition. It always occurs as the last member of a group of readings, or variation unit.

Presentation of Variant Readings and Witnesses

Variant readings are usually spelled out in full in the apparatus.

…

Three periods (…) represent the text of the edition where the variant form cited is in agreement with it (cf. Lk 22,55 ⸂).

2 3 1 4 5

Variants of word order comprising at least four words can be represented by italic numerals which correspond to the order of the words in the text (1 = the first word in the text, etc.). This convention is followed not just for variants of transposition indicated by the sign ⸉, but also for alternative forms within a single variation unit, if the wording is changed by transposition or omission (cf. Jn 12,18 ⸂).

In a limited number of instances, where a subvariant differs only slightly from a main variant, the wording in the apparatus is not given in full. In such instances the witness for the subvariant is given with the following qualifications.

( )

Witnesses which show only minor differences are noted in parentheses ( ) along with the witnesses for the main variant (cf. the minuscule 700 at Mt 14,24 ⸂; sy^s at Mt 26,60 ⸇; Clement of Alexandria at Mt 5,36 ⸂).

The readings of Greek witnesses cited in parentheses are given in Appendix II. The more important subvariants, however, continue to be noted within the parentheses of the apparatus as before (cf. Mt 7,21 ⸆; Mt 24,48 ⸂).

[ ]	Brackets [ ] enclose variants of punctuation.

The witnesses for a reading are always given in the same sequence: Greek manuscripts, versions, patristic citations (separated by semicolons). For Greek manuscripts the order of papyri, uncials, minuscules and lectionaries is observed, and for the early versions the order of Latin, Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, Georgian, Gothic, Ethiopic and Church Slavonic.

Greek manuscripts are cited in their numeric order according to the list of manuscripts. In Appendix I further information about each manuscript may be found (date, present location and content).

The following superscript signs following manuscript numbers distinguish various readings in the same manuscript or qualify (as ^vid) the relative certainty of a decision:

*

identifies the original reading when a correction has been made.

^c

identifies a correction made by a later hand, but sometimes also by the first hand.

^1.2.3

identifies a correction made by the first, second, or third corrector.

If used with the majuscules א, B, C and D (05 and 06) superscript signs identify groups of correctors.

א (01):

א¹ (4th–6th cent.); א^1a/א^1b (for differences within the group א¹); א² (from circa 7th cent.); א^2a/א^2b (with differences within the group א²); א³ (12th cent.); א^c (not assigned to a group)

B (03):

B¹ (roughly contemporaneous with ; B² (6th/7th cent.); B³ (13th cent.)

C (04):

C¹ (roughly contemporaneous with C); C² (circa 6th cent.); C³ (circa 9th cent.)

D (05):

D¹ (6th–7th cent.); D² (circa 9th cent.); D³ (12th cent.); D^c (younger hand, not assigned to a group)

D (06):

D¹ (7th cent.); D² (circa 9th cent.); D^c (younger hand, not assigned to a group)

^v.l.

(= varia lectio) indicates a reading recorded in a manuscript as an alternative reading (^v.l. is coordinated with the superscript sign ^txt).

^com

(= commentarius) marks a reading cited in the commentary part of an Apocalypse commentary manuscript, if it differs from the lemma text (^com is coordinated with the superscript sign ^txt).

^txt

(= textus) as a superscript sign indicates the reading in the text of a manuscript which also records an alternative reading (^txt is coordinated with the superscript sign ^v.l. or ^com).

^mg

(= in margine) indicates a reading in the margin of a manuscript without being identified as either a correction or an alternative reading.

^s

(= supplementum) indicates a reading derived from a later addition to a manuscript, usually replacing a lost folio or section of a manuscript. Such replacements are identified in the Manuscript List (Appendix I) for the consistently cited witnesses.

^vid

(= ut videtur) indicates that the reading attested by a witness cannot be determined with absolute certainty. This is frequently true of papyri and palimpsests. Corrections may also require the sign ^vid if the original reading of the manuscript is no longer clearly legible. The sign ^vid always indicates a high degree of probability, usually based on some surviving letters or parts of letters. When an inference is drawn from the extent of a lacuna, it is carefully verified that the manuscript cannot be cited equally well for other readings in the tradition.

The following group signs are used (the first one, 𝔪, is particularly important):

𝔪

(= Majority text, including the Byzantine Koine text) indicates readings supported by the majority of all manuscripts, i.e., always including manuscripts of the Koine type in the narrow sense. 𝔪 therefore represents the witness of the Koine text type. 𝔪 has the status of a consistently cited witness. Consequently in instances of a negative apparatus, where support for the text is not given, the reading attested by 𝔪 may safely be inferred: if it is not otherwise explicitly cited, it agrees with txt (= the text).

pm

(= permulti) is used in place of the sign 𝔪 when the witness of the Majority text is divided in fairly equal strength between two (rarely three) variant readings. The abbreviation pm appears then with both Majority text readings. If one of these readings is in agreement with the text, and the apparatus does not list the support for txt, the sign pm appears only once.

Byz

(= Codices Byzantini) is used only in cases where the ECM has already appeared, i. e. up to now in the Catholic Letters. For the EC M the text of the majority of Codices Byzantini was determined by means of almost pure representatives of the mainstream tradition.⁷

Byz^pt

Byz partim (= a part of the Codices Byzantini) is used at passages where the selected representatives show that the Byzantine tradition is split. In the ECM apparatus the symbol Byz is abandoned in such cases, because the representatives are cited individually. As these manuscripts are not counted among the ones selected for the present edition, their respective variants are marked by Byz^pt.

Other Abbreviations in the Apparatus⁸

(!)

= sic! indicates an accurate transcription of an absurd reading (cf. Ac 24,5 ⸂).

add.

= addit/addunt, add(s)

om.

= omittit/omittunt, omit(s)

+ −

are used in place of add. and om. where such brevity is not inconsistent with clarity (cf. Ro 16,27).

pon.

= ponit/ponunt, place(s), transpose(s)

a.

= ante, before

p.

= post, after

id.

= idem, the same wording

ex err.

= ex errore, erroneously, by scribal error

ex itac.

= ex itacismo, by itacism, the substitution of letters with the same phonetic value

ex lat.?

= ex versione latina? apparently derived from a Latin reading

bis

(= twice) immediately following a critical sign, refers to two equal words in the text and their variant(s) which are exceptionally identified by the same critical sign (cf. Mt 1,9 ⸀; 1,10 ⸀¹).

All Latin words used in the apparatus and the appendices are translated in Appendix IV.

The following signs and notes come immediately after the critical signs with an explanation of the variant reading(s) presented:

p)

refers to parallel passages in the Gospels, which are listed in the margin at the beginning of the pericopes.

(L 2,7) (12)

A parenthetical reference to a passage standing before a variant reading refers to a parallel passage in another New Testament book (cf. the reference to Lk 2,7 at Mt 1,25 ⸀). If the parenthetical reference does not name a book, the parallel is found within the same book (cf. the reference to Ac 22,3 at Ac 21,39 ⸂), or the same chapter (cf. the reference to verse 12 at Mt 2,13 ⸆).

(19 v.l.)

A parenthetical reference to a verse with v.l. standing before a reading suggests that the reading derives from a variant reading in the verse indicated (cf. Mt 2,13 ⸂, which refers to the same transposition at 2,19).

(Jr 38,15 𝔊)

A reference to a passage in the Septuagint standing before a variant suggests a parallel expression in the Septuagint text (cf. the reference to Jr 38,15 𝔊 at Mt 2,18 ⸆).

The takeaway: there are no standard sigla. When you open a Bible apparatus, you need to find its sigla,, typographical conventions, … so that you understand what information to expect from this particular apparatus. Take full advantage of mouse-over to interpret the conventions for you.

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Verbum 9 Tip 9w: Guide section: Apparatuses

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