How does one find the stem of a word? I know that if you remove the case ending you get the stem, but when looking up a word I hit a wall.
lexicons are arranged by lemma; analytic lexicons are usually by manuscript form; stems are usually discussed in grammars or, less frequently, historical lexicons.
What is the difference between an analytic lexicons and a historical lexicon?
an analytic lexicon is concerned with morphology of the manuscript form; a historical lexicon is concerned with tracing the phonological and morphological changes back to the ur-language i.e. for Greek, the Proto-IndoEuropean.
Example of an analytic lexicon:
[quote]
λόγος (logos), word; message. Cognate words: ἀγενεαλόγητος, αἰσχρολογία, ἄλογος, ἀναλογία, ἀναλογίζομαι, ἀναπολόγητος, ἀνθομολογέομαι, ἀντεῖπον, ἀντιλέγω, ἀντιλογία, ἀπεῖπον, ἀπολογέομαι, ἀπολογία, βατταλογέω, γενεαλογέω, γενεαλογία, διαλέγομαι, διάλεκτος, διαλογίζομαι, διαλογισμός, δίλογος, εἶπον, ἐκλέγομαι, ἐκλέγω, ἐκλεκτός, ἐκλογή, ἐλλογάω, ἐλλογέω, ἐνευλογέω, ἐπιλέγω, εὐλογέω, εὐλογητός, εὐλογία, κακολογέω, καταλέγω, κατευλογέω, λεγιών, λέγω, λογεία, λογίζομαι, λογικός, λόγιον, λόγιος, λογισμός, λογομαχέω, λογομαχία, ματαιολογία, ματαιολόγος, μωρολογία, ὁμολογέω, ὁμολογία, ὁμολογουμένως, παραλέγομαι, παραλογίζομαι, πιθανολογία, πολυλογία, προεῖπον, προλέγω, σπερμολόγος, στρατολογέω, συλλέγω, συλλογίζομαι, συναρμολογέω, συνεκλεκτός, χρηστολογία, ψευδολόγος. Heb. equiv. fr. LXX: דָּבָר (719×); + 31 more. Aram. equiv. fr. LXX: מִלָּה (7x)
13.115 (6) account Mk 1:45; word Lk 4:36; 5:15; 20:20; Ac 8:21; 11:22
28.25 (1) word 2 Th 3:1
30.13 (1) appearance Col 2:23
31.2 (1) word Ac 20:24
33.51 (4) word Luke 3:4; Acts 1:1; account MPoly 10.1, 2
33.98 (258) statement Mt 5:37; 12:32; 19:1, 22; 21:24; Mk 10:24; 13:31; Lk 20:3; Jn 12:38; 15:25; 18:9, 32; 19:8, 13; Rom 9:9; 13:9; Gal 5:14; Heb 7:28; 3 Jn 10; Barn 9.9; Diog 2.1; 4:1; 7:2; 8:2; word Mt 7:24, 26, 28; 8:8, 16; 10:14; 12:37 (2); 13:22; 15:6, 12, 23; 22:46; 24:35; 26:1, 44; Mk 7:13; 11:29; Lk 1:20; 4:22; 6:47; 7:7; 9:26, 28, 44; 10:39; 12:10; 21:33; 22:61; 24:17, 19, 44; Jn 4:39, 41, 50; 5:24, 38; 6:60; 7:36, 40; 8:31, 37, 43, 51, 52, 55; 10:19, 35; 12:48; 14:23, 24 (2); 15:3, 20 (2); 17:6, 14, 17, 20; 21:23; Ac 2:22, 40, 41; 4:4, 29, 31; 5:5; 6:5; 7:29; 13:15; 15:6, 7, 15, 24, 32; 16:36; 18:15; 20:2, 7, 35, 38; 22:22; Rom 3:4; 9:6; 15:18; 1 Co 1:17, 18; 2:4, 13; 12:8 (2); 14:9, 19 (2), 36; 15:54; 2 Co 1:18; 2:17; 4:2; 5:19; 6:7; 10:10, 11; Gal 6:6; Eph 1:13; 4:29; 5:6; Php 1:14; 2:16; Col 1:5, 25; 3:17; 4:3; 1 Th 1:5, 6, 8; 2:5, 13 (3); 4:15, 18; 2 Th 2:2, 15, 17; 3:14; 1 Ti 4:5, 6, 12; 5:17; 6:3; 2 Ti 1:13; 2:9, 11, 15; 4:2; Tt 1:3, 9; 2:5, 8; 3:8; Heb 2:2; 4:2, 12; 5:11, 13; 12:19; 13:7, 22; 1 Pe 1:23; 2:8; 3:1 (2); 2 Pe 1:19; 3:5, 7; 1 Jn 1:10; 2:5, 7, 14; Rev 1:3; 3:8, 10; 12:11; 17:17; 19:9; 21:5; 22:6, 7, 9, 10, 18, 19; 1Cl 2.1; 13:1, 3 (2); 18:4; 21:5; 27:4 (2), 7; 30:3; 35:8; 38:2; 42:3; 46:7; 48:5; 56:3; 57:3, 4; 2Cl 11.2; 17:7; IRo 2.1; IPhld 11.2; ISmyr, Salutation; 10:1; Did 1.3; 4:1; Barn 6.17; 9:3 (2); 10:11; 14:5; 15:1; 16:9; 19:4 (2), 9, 10 (2); Herm, V I, iii, 2; Herm, V III, vii, 3; 0:3; Herm, S IX, xxv, 2; Diog 12.7; account Mt 12:36; 28:15; Mk 5:36; Rom 9:28; Heb 4:13; IMag 3.2; saying Jn 2:22; 4:37; 1 Ti 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; word of mouth Ac 15:27; speech 1 Co 1:5; 2:1; 4:19, 20; Col 4:6; Jas 3:2
33.99 (20) statement Mt 22:15; Mk 7:29; 10:22; 12:13; 14:39; word Mark 2:2; 9:10; Lk 1:29; 4:32; Ac 7:22; 14:12; 2 Co 8:7; 11:6; 2 Ti 2:17; 2 Pe 2:3; 1 Jn 3:18; Poly 3.2; Did 4.2; speech Did 2.5; 3:8
33.100 (18) word John 1:1 (3), 14; 1 Jn 1:1; Rev 1:2, 9; 6:9; 19:13; 20:4; Word IMag 8.2; Diog 11.2 (3), 3, 7, 8; 12:9
33.260 (70) word Mt 13:19, 20, 21, 22, 23; Mk 4:14, 15 (2), 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 33; 8:32, 38; 16:20; Luke 1:2, 4; 5:1; 8:11, 12, 13, 15, 21; 11:28; Acts 6:2, 4, 7; 8:4, 14, 25; 10:36, 44; 11:1, 19; 12:24; 13:5, 7, 26, 44, 46, 48, 49; 14:3, 25; 15:35, 36; 16:6, 32; 17:11, 13; 18:5, 11; 19:10, 20; 20:32; 1 Co 15:2; Col 3:16; 2 Ti 4:15; Heb 6:1; Jas 1:18, 21, 22, 23; IEph 15.2; IPhld 11.1; Poly 7.2; 9:1; MPoly 22.1
56.7 (2) word Lk 23:9; Ac 19:38
56.10 (1) reason Ac 18:14
57.228 (14) account Mt 18:23; 25:19; Ro 14:12; Php 4:17; Heb 13:17; 1 Pe 4:5; Poly 6.2; Herm, V III, ix, 10; Herm, M II, 5; word Lk 7:17; 16:2; Ac 5:24; 19:40; matter Php 4:15
89.18 (7) thing Mt 5:32; word Mt 19:11; Eph 6:19; reason Ac 10:29; 1 Pe 3:15; Diog 8.3; 10:2
Forms of λόγος
λόγοι NNPM(11) λόγος λόγοις NDPM(22) λόγος λόγον NASM(151) λόγος λόγος NNSM(81) λόγος Λόγος NNSM(1) λόγος λόγου NGSM(35) λόγος λόγους NAPM(29) λόγος λόγῳ NDSM(57) λόγος λόγων NGPM(16) λόγος ΛΟΓΟΝ (WH) NASM(1) λόγος
in The Lexham Analytical Lexicon to the Greek New Testament (Logos Bible Software, 2011).
Sample of a historical lexicon:
[quote]λόγος, λόγιος ⇒λέγω.
λέγω [v.] ‘to collect, gather’ (Il.; Att. prose only with prefix), ‘to count, recount’ (Il.), ‘say’ (post-Hom.). On use, mg. and inflexion see Fournier 1946: 53ff., 100ff., Chantraine BSL 41 (1940–1941): 39ff., Wackernagel 1916: 220ff. Beside it stand the synonymous and suppletive verbs ἀγορεύω, φημί, εἰπεῖν, ἐρῶ, εἴρηκα (see Seiler Glotta 32 (1952): 154f.). «IE *leǵ- ‘collect’»
•VAR Aor. λέξαι, -ασθαι, (epic ἐλέγμην, λέκτο), pass. λεχθῆναι, fut. λέξω, -ομαι, perf. λέλεγμαι, δι-είλεγμαι, συν-είλοχα (ει analogical).
•COMP Very often with prefixes like δια-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, κατα-, συν-.
•DER 1. λόγος [m.] ‘computation, account, esteem, reason; speech, word, statement’ (Ο 393, α 56); see Fournier 1946: 217ff., Boeder Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte 4 (1959): 82ff.; also from prefixed compounds, e.g. διά-, κατά-, ἐπί-, σύλ-λογος (to διαλέγομαι, etc.), also in hypostases like ἀνά-, παρά-λογος (to ἀνὰ, παρὰ λόγον).
From λόγος: a. diminutives: λογ-ίδιον, -άριον (Att.), -αρίδιον (pap.). b. adjectives: λογάς [m., f.] ‘selected’, substantivized ‘choice soldier, etc.’ (IA), semantically rather to λέγω, cf. Chantraine 1933: 351; λόγιος ‘notable’ (Pi., etc.), τὸ λόγιον ‘oracle’ (IA); on the development of mg. E. Orth, Logios (Leipzig 1926); λόγιμος ‘worth mention, notable’ (Hdt., pap.), usually ἐλλόγιμος (to ἐν λόγῳ); λογικός ‘regarding reason, etc., logical’ (Philol., Hell.); λογαῖος ‘chosen’ (Str. 1, 3, 18; after Ibyc. 22), perhaps to λογή, see 2.; c. λογάδην [adv.] ‘by accidental selection’ (Th.; cf. λογάς). d. substantives: λογεύς [m.] ‘orator, prose writer’ (Critias, Plu., sch.) with λογεῖον ‘speakers’ place, scene’ (Delos IIIa); κατα-, ἐκ-, συλ-λογεύς from κατάλογος, ἐκλογή, etc.; e. verbs: λογίζομαι [v.] ‘to count, calculate, consider, estimate’ (IA), often with prefix, ἀνα-, etc., with λογ-ισμός, -ισμα, -ιστής, -ιστεύω, -ιστικός, etc.; λογεύω [v.] ‘to collect taxes’, also with ἐπι-, ἐκ-, (pap., inscr.), with λογεία, λόγ-ευμα, -ευτής, -ευτήριον.
2. λογή [f.] ‘reasoning, way’ (= MoGr.; only late pap.; LSJ and DELG translate ‘attention, heed’); isolated from compounds with ἐκ-, κατα-, συν-, δια-, etc. (IA, etc.)?
3. λέξις [f.] ‘reason, way of speech, diction, style, (specific) word, phrase’, also with δια-, ἐκ-, κατα-, (Att., etc.); thence λεξίδιον, -εί- (Arr., Gal.), Lat. lexīdium; see Leumann Sprache 1 (1949): 205; λεξικόν (scil. βιβλίον) ‘containing λέξεις, lexicon’ (AB, Phot.).
4. λέγμα· τὸ εἰπεῖν ‘speaking’ (H.), ἐπίλεγμα ‘excerpt’ (pap.), κατά-λεγμα ‘tragic song’ (Sm., Al.), cf. καταλέγεσθαι· ὀδύρεσθαι τὸν τεθνεῶτα ‘to bewail the deceased’ (H.).
5. διάλεκτος (to δια-λέγομαι) ‘speech, dialect’ (IA) with (δια-, ἐκ-)λεκτικός ‘capable of speaking, etc.’ (Att., etc.: λέξις, λέγω).
•ETYM The thematic root present λέγω, from which all stem forms and nominal derivatives are derived, is identical with Lat. legō ‘to collect, etc.’. Also related is Alb. mb-ledh ‘to collect, harvest’, which points to a palatal -ǵ-. A synonymous root *les- is found in Germanic, Baltic, and Hittite, e.g. MoHG lesen, Go. lisan ‘to collect, harvest’, Lith. lèsti, isg. lesù ‘to pick, eat picking’ (beside lasýti ‘to collect, select’), Hitt. lešš-zi / lišš- ‘to pick, gather’, (Hitt. līšāe-zi is unclear; cf. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.), but the relation between *les- and *leǵ- is unclear. See ►λώγη.
Robert Beekes, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek, ed. Alexander Lubotsky, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2010), 841–842.
