L/V 10+ Tip of the Day #123 Context Menu: word information group: morphology

MJ. Smith

Another tip of the day (TOTD) series for Logos/Verbum 10. They will be short and often drawn from forum posts. Feel free to ask questions and/or suggest forum posts you'd like to see included. Adding comments about the behavior on mobile and web apps would be appreciated by your fellow forumites. A search for "L/V 10+ Tip of the Day site:community.logos.com" on Google should bring the tips up as should this Reading List within the application.

This tip is inspired by the forum post: L/V 10+ Tip of the Day #122 Context Menu: word information group: lemma and root - Logos Forums

Morphology is the study of the word's form e.g. foot vs. feet vs. foot's vs. feet's. This is where one confronts a massive array of grammatical jargon. Fortunately, Logos/Verbum usually asks us to select the appropriate term from a list rather than requiring we recall the name. While it uses an abbreviated code to define the data, it consistently provides a translation of the code into the full names. If the terms are unfamiliar to you, work slowly to learn them. From the Help book:

[quote]Morphology

Technically, morphology is the study of a word’s form (part of speech, tense, etc.).

In Logos, a morphology, or morph, refers to the properties of a word (or part of a word, or rarely multiple words) that determine how it is categorized within a morph analysis.

For example, a given instance of a word may be a noun in the nominative case, singular in number, and masculine in gender. This will be displayed in some parts of the software as Noun, Nominative, Singular, Masculine.

In Logos, a morph code is an abbreviated way of referring to a word’s morphology. Users can take advantage of morph codes when searching for the specific form of a word. To search for a word matching the example above, using the code @NNSM (where @ designates the beginning of a morph code in the Morph Search speeds up the search process.

Morph Codes

The morph codes for Greek, Hebrew, and Latin are included below. Resources in Logos may use different morphological tagging systems. Codes for these systems are listed on the Logos Wiki:

• GRAMCORD Greek Morphology
• Friberg Greek Morphology
• Robinson Greek Morphology
• Swanson Greek Morphology
• Andersen-Forbes Hebrew Morphology
• Westminster Hebrew Morphology
• Werkgroep Informatica (WIVU) Hebrew Morphology

Greek Morphology

Part of Speech

• B – Adverb
• C – Conjunction
• D – Article
• I – Interjection
• J – Adjective
• N – Noun
• P – Preposition
• R – Pronoun
• T – Particle
• V – Verb
• X – Indeclinable

@B Adverb/Particle Type

• C – Conditional
• E – Emphatic
• I – Interrogative
• K – Correlative
• N – Negative
• P – Place
• S – Superlative
• X – Indefinite

@C Conjunction Subtype

• AC – Adverbial Conditional
• AD – Adverbial Declarative
• AL – Adverbial Local
• AM – Adverbial Comparative
• AN – Adverbial Concessive
• AP – Adverbial Purpose
• AR – Adverbial Result
• AT – Adverbial Temporal
• AZ – Adverbial Causal
• LA – Logical Ascensive
• LC – Logical Contrastive
• LD – Logical Disjunctive
• LI – Logical Inferential
• LK – Logical Correlative
• LM – Logical Emphatic
• LN – Logical Connective
• LT – Logical Transitional
• LX – Logical Explanatory
• SC – Substantival Content
• SE – Substantival Epexegetical

Case (for @D Articles, @J Adjectives, @N Nouns, @R?? Pronouns, and @V??P?? Verbs)

• A – Accusative
• D – Dative
• G – Genitive
• N – Nominative
• V – Vocative

Number (for @D? Articles, @J? Adjectives, @N? Nouns, @R??? Pronouns, and @V??P? Verbs)

• D – Dual
• P – Plural
• S – Singular

Gender (for @D?? Articles, @J?? Adjectives, @N?? Nouns, @R???? Pronouns, and @V??P??? Verbs)

• F – Feminine
• M – Masculine
• N – Neuter

Degree (for @J??? Adjectives and @N??? Nouns)

• C – Comparative
• O – Other
• P – Positive
• S – Superlative

@R Pronoun Type

• C – Reciprocal
• D – Demonstrative
• F – Reflexive
• I – Interrogative
• K – Correlative
• N – Negative
• P – Personal
• R – Relative
• S – Possessive
• X – Indefinite

Person (for @R? Pronouns and @V??P Verbs)

• 1 – First Person
• 2 – Second Person
• 3 – Third Person

@R????? Pronoun Subtype

• A – Intensive Attributive
• P – Intensive Predicative

@V Verb Tense

• A – Aorist
• F – Future
• I – Imperfect
• L – Pluperfect
• P – Present
• R – Perfect
• T – Future Perfect

@V? Voice (for Verbs)

• A – Active
• M – Middle
• P – Passive
• U – Either Middle or Passive

@V?? Mood (for Verbs)

• I – Indicative
• M – Imperative
• N – Infinitive
• O – Optative
• P – Participle
• S – Subjunctive

Hebrew Morphology

Part of Speech

• A – Article
• C – Conjunction
• D – Adverb
• G – Negation
• I – Interrogative
• J – Adjective
• N – Noun
• P – Preposition
• R – Pronoun
• V – Verb
• X – Interjection

Conjunction Type

• R – Relative

Gender (for Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs)

• F – Feminine
• M – Masculine

Number (for Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs)

• D – Dual
• P – Plural
• S – Singular

State (for Adjectives, Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs)

• A – Absolute
• C – Construct
• D – Determined

Noun Type

• C – Common
• P – Proper

Preposition Type

• O – Object Marker

Pronoun Type

• D – Demonstrative
• I – Interrogative
• P – Personal
• S – Suffixed

Person (for Pronouns and Verbs)

• 1 – First Person
• 2 – Second Person
• 3 – Third Person

Verb Stem

• a – Qal
• b – Pi“ēl
• c – Hif‘il
• d – Nif‘al
• e – Pu“al
• g – Hiṯpa“ēl
• i – Hof‘al
• l – Hoṯpa“al
• m – Niṯpa“ēl
• n – ’Eṯpa“al
• o – Tif‘al
• w – Pu‘lal
• x – Pôlēl
• y – Pi‘lēl
• z – Pilpēl
• A – Pôlal
• B – Hiṯpôlēl
• C – Pô‘ēl
• D – Hiṯpôlal
• E – Hiṯpalpēl
• F – Pô‘al
• G – Pᵊ‘al‘al
• H – Eštaf‘el
• I – Pᵒ‘al‘al
• K – Pu‘alal
• L – Polpal
• N – Pi‘lal
• O – Hiṯpā‘ēl
• P – Hoṯpā‘ēl
• Q – Palpēl
• R – Pa‘lal
• S – Hiṯpilpēl
• T – Hiṯpô‘ēl
• U – ’Eṯpô‘ēl
• Z – Qal Passive

Verb Tense

• P – Qatal (Perfect)
• p – Weqatal (Waw + Perfect)
• l – Yiqtol (Imperfect)
• W – Wayyiqtol (Waw-Consecutive + Imperfect)
• w – Weyiqtol (Waw-Conjunctive + Imperfect)
• M – Imperative
• F – Infinitive
• R – Participle
• S – Passive Participle

Verb Mood

• C – Cohortative
• J – Jussive

Latin Morphology

Part of Speech

• B – Adverb
• C – Conjunction
• I – Interjection
• J – Adjective
• M – Numeral
• N – Noun
• P – Preposition
• R – Pronoun
• T – Particle
• V – Verb
• X – Indeclinable

Degree (for adverb, adjective)

• C – Comparative
• O – Other
• P – Positive
• S – Superlative

Case (for adjective, numeral, noun, pronoun, verb)

• A – Accusative
• B – Ablative
• D – Dative
• G – Genitive
• L – Locative
• N – Nominative
• V – Vocative

Number (for adjective, numeral, noun, pronoun, verb)

• P – Plural
• S – Singular

Gender (for adjective, numeral, noun, pronoun, verb)

• F – Feminine
• M – Masculine
• N – Neuter

Numeral type

• B – Adverb
• C – Cardinal
• D – Distributive
• O – Ordinal

Noun type

• C – Common
• P – Proper

Pronoun type

• D – Demonstrative
• F – Reflexive
• I – Interrogative
• P – Personal
• R – Relative
• S – Possessive
• X – Indefinite

Person (for pronouns, verb)

• 1 – First person
• 2 – Second person
• 3 – Third person

Tense

• F – Future
• I – Imperfect
• L – Pluperfect
• P – Present
• R – Perfect
• T – Future Perfect

Voice

• A – Active
• P – Passive

Mood

• D – Gerund
• G – Gerundive
• I – Indicative
• M – Imperative
• M – Infinitive
• P – Participle
• S – Subjective
• U – Supine

Indeclinable type

• F – Foreign
• L – Letter
• O – Other

General

• [ ] – square brackets to enclose multiple values
• ^ – Not (for multi-selectable options). Usage: enclosed in square brackets, e.g. [^3]
• ? – Any

Logos Help (Bellingham, WA: Faithlife, 2022).

The Context menu for the morphology should be familiar in its structure - with only a search option from the list we are following. Two items - the first and the last - in the search options look "strange".

• NDSM is a morphological code translated on the left (and at the top on the right) as noun, dative, singular, masculine. Clicking on it will run a search for all other dative singular masculine nouns in the current book. That search can also be run inline, Bible, etc.
• lemma.g:Ἠσαΐας@NDSM- runs the morphological search only on the lemma used in this case i.e. it looks for cases where Isaiah appears as in its singular, masculine, dative form.

Here is the morphology only search. On the left, I have placed the cursor near the search argument to show the input screen used it you are entering it manually or modifying the current search. On the right is the same search with more results visible. Morphology also has a more complex input sheet for advanced queries that are saved as documents.

The Greek lemma for Isaiah appears only once in the noun-dative-singular-masculine form. Note that the morphology is always language dependent. Occurrences in Hebrew and Aramaic must each be searched for/requested separately. The Greek Old Testament only includes the appocrypha; the remainder of the LXX is not included in the reverse interlinear.

The Hebrew language does not have the same structure as Greek, so I have elected to simply go with noun-proper noun-masculine-singular. I built the argument by going to Isaiah 1:1 and right clicking on his name, selecting the morphology tab, and taking the search argument from the lemma-morphology search. I then simply add it to the Greek search argument that is shown above. I add the OR logical connector between them.

So very complex search arguments are built up with very little knowledge of the details. Use the Context Menu to grab the right search terms and string them together.