IF you were to design an Apologetics Guide, what would you put in it?

IF you were to design an Apologetics Guide, what would you put in it?
I'll wait a bit before offering my opinion, but I would certainly start with a clear statement of what I was reasoning for or reasoning against which would rely on those holding the position - i.e. learn a position from those who believe it.
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
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Are you thinking something somewhat concise that could be utilized by many or something very comprehensive for those that wish to go deep?
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My own inclination is for something that goes deep enough for the student specializing in apologetics to use as a starting point for a paper or for a lay leader teaching apologetics to start building a lesson -- but with a few key sections that is sufficient for the average lay person. Fortunately, guides are built with the ability to add/subtract sections.
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
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Just to get the ball rolling here are some primary topics/steps to start with and under which the many, many possible subtopics could be placed. Those much wiser than myself feel free to rename, reorder, replace, remove or add.
God Exists
Jesus Is a Real Historical Figure
Historical Evidence for the Bible
Plausible the God Would Resurrect Jesus
God Did Raise Jesus from Death
The Gospel
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Should be: Plausible "that" God would resurrect Jesus
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MJ. Smith said:
IF you were to design an Apologetics Guide, what would you put in it?
Do you mean a new tool in Logos/Verbum?
“The trouble is that everyone talks about reforming others and no one thinks about reforming himself.” St. Peter of Alcántara
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Even if that is not what she meant, what a great idea!!
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Greg Dement said:
Just to get the ball rolling here are some primary topics/steps to start with
Greg, you got me thinking for similar topics/questions/lists that lurk under the surface - at least here in secular Europe:
- Whether religion/spirituality is harmful/beneficial? ("religion causes violence...")
- Whether there is truth or is truth only relative? ("it's your truth, not mine...")
- Whether faith is irrational/makes sense? ("blind, childish faith...")
- Whether you make your own life/everything has a meaning and a purpose?
- Whether science and faith are opposed to each other?
- Whether everything can be reduced to something "lower" (for example: faith into psychological needs/biology/neuroscience)?
- What is the role of majorities/minorities in knowing truth? ("there are so many religions...")
- Whether you are born with an innate sense of God or are you a tabula rasa religiously?
- Whether Christian upbringing and education is brainwashing or justified?
- Whether God exists, since there is so much suffering in the world? ("how can a good and omnipotent God allow...?")
etc., etc.
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This is a really good site for stuff like this
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Ha, that is where I “borrowed” most of the primary topics I suggested ;-)
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Norman Geisler's "12 points that show that Christianity is true".
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I don't know if this belongs to an Apologetics Guide, or a separate new guide, but you know those "3/4/5 Views on xyz" "Perspectives on xyz" books? It would be nice to have a starter guide on the many controversial / debated / unsettled issues/topics within the broader Christian faith, e.g. baptism, Communion, predestination, church government, supernatural gifts, church & politics, end times, divorce and remarriage, women ordination, etc etc. (all the stuff we're not supposed to talk about on this forum).
Eventually I'd like to see all these specialty guides be centralized in one place, i.e. Factbook, rather than having Theology Guide, Counseling Guide, Topic Guide, Sermon Starter Guide, as well as the one(s) proposed here.
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Regarding Geisler 12 points Jan referred to, I hope this link is copied correctly but Geisler does an online Apologetics course that offers a certificate from SES for free. I did it and is a great starter course. The one at Biola was much, much more comprehensive but not free and much more time consuming.
https://academy.ses.edu/courses/introduction-to-christian-apologetics/
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PL said:
Eventually I'd like to see all these specialty guides be centralized in one place, i.e. Factbook, rather than having Theology Guide, Counseling Guide, Topic Guide, Sermon Starter Guide, as well as the one(s) proposed here.
I have trouble seeing guides integrated into Factbook. To me, Factbook provides a sort of mildly biased encyclopedia entry ... designed to be a starting point for unfamiliar topics -- a large reference library worth having within reach of the dinner table. [Okay, I grew up with the dictionary and encyclopedia always within reach of the dinner table.] But the Guides are infinitely adjustable to my interests, library, and skills -- a research library where I can think for myself and follow my own logic patterns. Am I missing something in your proposal?
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
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Greg Dement said:
Just to get the ball rolling here are some primary topics/steps to start with and under which the many, many possible subtopics could be placed.
What I was envisioning was an ontology of apologetic topics and common positions on them. By ontology, think something similar to the organization of the theological topics with definitions but not a reference work like the LST. Resources, specifically apologetic/polemic works, of all persuasions would be tagged with these topics.
An apologetics guide could include:
- Bible passages taken from a preaching theme that most closely parallels the apologetic topic.
- An apologetics section on the apologetic topics with results in two sections - pro and con
- A resources section based on topical assess to Ancient Literature/Catholic Topical Index for the historical perspective
- A Biblical theology section based on the theological topic that most closely parallels the apologetic topic
- A Systematic theology section based on the theological topic that most closely parallels the apologetic topic
- Ideally but the available Logos resources are limited, a philosophical section based on the common philosophical positions/works on the subject.
- The ability for the user via community tags to add resources of their choice to the Guide
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
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MJ. Smith said:
I have trouble seeing guides integrated into Factbook. To me, Factbook provides a sort of mildly biased encyclopedia entry ... designed to be a starting point for unfamiliar topics -- a large reference library worth having within reach of the dinner table. [Okay, I grew up with the dictionary and encyclopedia always within reach of the dinner table.] But the Guides are infinitely adjustable to my interests, library, and skills -- a research library where I can think for myself and follow my own logic patterns. Am I missing something in your proposal?
I was expecting the Factbook to eventually be customizable like the other guides. Perhaps I misunderstood FL's direction with the Factbook.
But regardless, I think the various guides (Theology Guide, Counseling Guide, Topic Guide, Sermon Starter Guide, and perhaps Apologetics Guide) seem to have a lot of overlapping content and sections. I often don't know which one to start with. E.g. "Jesus' Suffering / Passion" has hits on Theology Guide, Topic Guide, Factbook, and SSG.
If Factbook and the guides are indeed going to be kept separate in the long run (with Factbook = curated by FL staff vs. Guides = system generated from one's library content... but that distinction is still blurry to me), I'm hoping at least for some consolidation among Theology Guide, Counseling Guide, Topic Guide, Sermon Starter Guide into one general, all-purpose guide.
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I would suggest starting with introductory resources that would provide an overview of apologetics. These would serve as an introduction to the study of apologetics. I would also like to see listing of suggested scriptures to memorize. From there I would have subheadings of various areas of apologetics - reliability of the Old and New Testaments, scientific evidence that confirms Christianity, confidence in the resurrection, etc. In all of this I would like to see links to websites for more information. A listing of important apologists to follow would also prove helpful.
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MJ. Smith said:
An apologetics section on the apologetic topics with results in two sections - pro and con
Only two?
“The trouble is that everyone talks about reforming others and no one thinks about reforming himself.” St. Peter of Alcántara
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Michael, here some sites I had saved:
https://www.alisachilders.com/
https://oneminuteapologist.com/
https://capturingchristianity.com
https://www.premierchristianradio.com/Shows/Saturday/Unbelievable/Episodes
https://inspiringphilosophy.org/
https://www.reasonablefaith.org/
https://standardizedapologetics.org/
https://impactapologetics.com/
https://shenviapologetics.com/
https://www.cslewisinstitute.org/
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Greg Dement said:
Michael, here some sites I had saved: . . .
Perfect. Thanks Greg. This will indeed be very useful for me.
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Thanks all. It is useful to know how others would approach the subject.
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
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Another great source for good arguments are the debates. Most debates are available on YouTube. You can check out which arguments hold fast, and which ones have some holes, and should be avoided.
Usually the Wikipedia pages of the respective apologists list their debate opponents, and then you have the information to look it up on YouTube (or Vimeo). Or just google for the name of the apologist + "debate".
Some avid debaters are: William Lane Craig, Frank Turek, Norman Geisler, John Lennox, James White, Jay Smith, David Wood, Gary Habermas, Michael Brown, Hugh Ross, Leighton Flowers, Mike Licona, Sam Shamoun.
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Hmm... no one seems to have mentioned the people who first come to my mind:
Karl Keating and his Catholic Answers
Diocese of Richmond Virginia Catholic Biblical Apologetics with it's list of topics:
- Salvation
- Are you saved?
- Faith and works
- Personal relationship with Christ
- Canon of the Bible
- Biblical interpretation (hermeneutics)
- Tradition (paradosis)
- Ecumenical Councils
- Pope (Bishop of Rome)
- Papal infallibility
- Sacraments
- Infant Baptism
- Baptism of the Holy Spirit
- Transubstantiation, Real Presence
- Mass as sacrifice
- Annulment
- Priestly celibacy
- Sin
- Indulgences
- Purgatory
- Limbo
- Saints
- Role of Mary, Virgin Mother of God
- Immaculate Conception
- Virgin Birth
- Rosary
- Jesus' second coming (parousia)
- Last Judgment, Heaven, Hell
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But I did find an interesting list of 100 Christian apologists
Get to know 100 Christian apologists. Most are current. Some are dead. A couple are very old. Some are not popular. They range from world-class philosophers and thinkers to internet and radio apologists. But all have made an impact with their works and ministries. They are in alphabetical order. (This is not a top 100, and theologians and church fathers have been left out.)
1. Kerby Anderson – VP of International Society of Christian Apologetics.
2. John Ankerberg – Founder of Ankerberg Theological Research Institute; Great podcast.
3. Greg Bahnsen – the late great presuppositional apologist. Debated Gordon Stein.
4. Andy Bannister – London School of Theology / Oxford Centre for Christian apologetics.
5. Francis Beckwith – noted philosopher and apologist, especially in the area of ethics.
6. Ken Boa – relational evangelism, discipleship, apologetics.
7. Darrell Bock – Research Professor of NT Studies at Dallas Theological Seminary.
8. Joe Boot – apologist, educator, author and pastor.
9. Robert Bowman – noted apologetics and theology teacher (Biola)
10. Justin Brierley – host of Unbelievable? on Premier Christian Radio, UK.
11. Kyle Butt – staff at Apologetics Press and editor of Discovery magazine. Debated Barker.
12. Ted Cabal – general editor of The Apologetics Study Bible.
13. Charlie Campbell – itinerant apologist and head of AlwaysBeReady.com.
14. Edward John Carnell – was a prominent and influential Christian theologian and apologist.
15. G.K. Chesterton – famous author, philosopher, theologian, apologist.
16. David K. Clark – apologist with notable books; teaches at Bethel Seminary
17. Gordon Clark – Christian philosopher, apologist, and theologian. Contemporary of Van Til.
18. Kelly James Clark – notable philosopher of religion, author; Calvin College.
19. Gene Cook – host of UnchainedRadio; reformed pastor and apologist. Owns a pit bull.
20. Paul Copan – Philosophy and ethics; noted apologist and author.
21. Winfried Corduan – Christian philosopher of religion; noted author.
22. Steven B. Cowan – Associate director of Apologetics Resource Center; Areopagus Journal
23. William Lane Craig – philosopher, theologian, apologist; Debater par excellence.
24. William Dembski – philosopher of science and mathematician; ID theorist.
25. William Edgar – Professor of Apologetics Westminster Theological Seminary; jazz pianist.
26. Lenny Esposito – founder of ComeReason apologetics ministry.
27. C. Stephen Evans – philosophy of religion; apologetics; great author. Baylor.
28. Paul D. Feinberg – the late philosopher of religion and apologist; author.
29. Harold Felder – founder of GivingAnAnswer apologetics ministry.
30. Phil Fernandes – Christian philosopher, apologist, debater. Tremendous audio resources.
31. John Frame – Reformed Theological Seminary; reformed apologist; Van Til expert.
32. Norman Geisler – prolific author of over 70 books; Classical apologist.
33. R. Douglas Geivett – Professor of Philosophy Talbot Department of Philosophy / Biola
34. Simon Greenleaf – legal scholar famous for his book Testimony of the Evangelists.
35. Douglas Groothuis – Christian philosopher, author, teacher.
36. Shandon L. Guthrie – philosophy, apologetics, atheism, comparative religions, ethics.
37. Gary Habermas – the world’s foremost expert on the resurrection of Jesus.
38. Hank Hanegraaff – today’s Bible Answer Man.
39. Craig Hazen – director of Biola’s Christian Apologetics program.
40. J.P. Holding – founded Tektonics apologetics website; author.
41. Anthony Horvath – Athanatos Christian Ministries and online Apologetics Academy.
42. Phillip E. Johnson – one of the key leaders of the Intelligent Design movement.
43. Walter Kaiser – scholar, writer, educator, and distinguished Professor of Old Testament.
44. Timothy Keller – urban pastor and apologist noted for his clear communication.
45. Greg Koukl – apologist and president of Stand to Reason; excellent radio program.
46. Peter Kreeft – professor of philosophy at Boston College, noted apologist.
47. John Lennox – philosopher of science, mathematician, Oxford debater of Dawkins.
48. C.S. Lewis – famous author, lecturer, apologist; Narnia books, Mere Christianity.
49. Gordon Lewis – philosopher and theologian; author of Testing Christianity’s Truth Claims.
50. Mike Licona – historian and apologist; authority on the resurrection of Jesus.
51. Bruce Little – philosopher noted for work on the problem of evil and theodicy.
52. Paul Little – late apologist and author noted for his simple style and easy communication.
53. David Marshall – world cultures, outspoken against new atheism.
54. Walter Martin – most famous for his Kingdom of the Cults book; the original Answer Man.
55. Stuart McAllister – Scottish itinerant cultural apologist with RZIM.
56. Josh McDowell – famous for Evidence that Demands a Verdict.
57. Sean McDowell – worldview youth minister / itinerant apologist.
58. Alex McFarland – itinerant apologist targeting young people, teens.
59. Timothy McGrew – philosophy, historical apologetics, resurrection, probability.
60. Alister McGrath – Oxford professor of theology, author and opponent of new atheism.
61. Chad Meister – philosopher of religion, ethics, logic; apologist, author; Bethel College.
62. Angus Menuge – Concordia University professor of philosophy.
63. Stephen Meyer -philosopher of science, intelligent design theorist, author.
64. Albert Mohler – president of SBTS, worldview cultural commentator, author, radio host.
65. John Warwick Montgomery – perhaps the most famous evidentialist apologist.
66. J.P. Moreland – Christian philosopher, noted author, apologist.
67. Jonathan Morrow – blogger, author and Christian worldview apologist.
68. Ronald Nash – Professor Philosophy and Theology at Reformed Theological Seminary
69. Randall Niles – itinerant and multimedia apologist.
70. David Noebel – founder of Summit Ministries and worldview apologist.
71. Scott Oliphint – Professor of Apologetics and Systematic Theology WTS
72. Amy Orr-Ewing – Director of Training of the Zacharias Trust.
73. Craig Parton – trial lawyer and noted Lutheran apologist.
74. Alvin Plantinga – world-class philosopher; reformed epistemology, philosophy of religion.
75. Doug Powell – excellent multimedia apologist at SelflessDefense.
76. Michael Ramsden – European Director of Zacharias Trust, speaker for RZIM.
77. Fazale Rana – PhD biochemist with Reasons to Believe.
78. Ron Rhodes – author and apologist founder of Reasoning from the Scriptures.
79. John W. Robbins – reformed apologist, founder of Trinity Foundation.
80. Mark D. Roberts – pastor, author, speaker, blogger. Emphasis in NT / Gospels.
81. David Robertson – Scottish pastor famous/notorious for his Dawkins Letters.
82. Hugh Ross – astrophysicist apologist and old Earth creationist; founder Reasons to Believe.
83. Kenneth Samples – reformed philosopher, theologian, apologist with Reasons to Believe.
84. Francis Schaeffer – famous late cultural apologist, author, philosopher; founder of L’Abri.
85. Mary Jo Sharp – author, apologist, debater; founder of Confident Christianity.
86. James Sire – influential worldview author, apologist, and speaker.
87. Matt Slick – founder of CARM.org, one of the best apologetics encyclopedias on the web.
88. R.C. Sproul – notable theologian, author, and classical apologist.
89. Don Stewart – prolific author, apologist, and host of the Bible Explorer.
90. Lee Strobel – journalist famous for his Case for Christ series of books; popular apologist.
91. Richard Swinburne – world-class Oxford philosopher of religion; author.
92. Frank Turek – itinerant apologist and founder of CrossExamined; debated Hitchens.
93. Cornelius Van Til – the most famous presuppositional reformed apologist.
94. Jim Wallace – cold case detective, pastor, and apologist; excellent podcast.
95. James White – theologian, author, prolific debater, and reformed apologist.
96. Dallas Willard – Christian philosopher; notable works in philosophy, discipleship,
97. Peter S. Williams – Christian philosopher; notable works countering Dawkins
98. Douglas Wilson – presuppositional apologist; number of atheist debates (Hitchens, Barker)
99. N.T. Wright – Bishop of Durham; notable work on the resurrection.
100. Ravi Zacharias -perhaps today’s most notable international cultural apologist.Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
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There used to be a Catholic Answers base package with lots of good an useful resources. I hope it will come back some day.
On questions where there is agreement with Protestants, these resources sometimes provide a fresh perspective and a different way to approach the issue.
And on questions where there is disagreement, the resources are still useful to avoid tearing down strawmen.
Also, I forgot one of the Catholic Answers guys in my list of great debaters: Trent Horn.
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MJ, your list of topics from the diocese lean more towards theology than what I typically think of as apologetics as all of them would assume that you are starting with someone who believes in our God. I personally think Apologetics begins at its basis with someone who may not in believe a any type of god. Then the the topics progress from there based on that person’s progress or where the starting of the next person may already have come to (for example: next person may believe in a god but not our God). The diocese’s topics would be much further on the progression chart. Does my thought process make sense?
My apologies for leaving off some Catholic sites. I do listen to https://www.catholic.com/ and think Tim Staples, Jimmy Akin and Trent Horn do a good job of defending their positions.
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Greg Dement said:
I personally think Apologetics begins at its basis with someone who may not in believe a any type of god.
I agree with you although I would describe it is that you start at whatever is the first point of divergent beliefs. But I thought the diocesan program was an interesting take on where they would start apologetic training at the parish level.
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
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“although I would describe it is that you start at whatever is the first point of divergent beliefs”
Well sure if you want to say it more succinctly [;)]
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Jan Krohn said:
There used to be a Catholic Answers base package with lots of good an useful resources. I hope it will come back some day.
At least https://verbum.com/product/31447/catholic-answers-collection and https://verbum.com/product/46370/catholic-answers-video-library remain available.
“The trouble is that everyone talks about reforming others and no one thinks about reforming himself.” St. Peter of Alcántara
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Hi Jan:Interesting topic, and interesting approach about checking debates.
I would add for the need to first build a conceptual framework to be able to get to the heart of the matter: Worldviews.
When we talk about apologetics, we truly talk about showing that Biblical worldview is the one that makes the most sense (i.e. rational and plausible).
Some say that wolrdviews contain 3 important parts: Story (origin, meaning, destiny), Ethics (how shall we live in light of the story), Attitude (should we believe? how do we know about God? experience (like characters in the Bible), or ideas /. concepts (like Platonists oriented persons want to make other persons believe is the way?).
So touching in the different parts, different sub topics will come up:
Ontology: nature of reality, is naturalism all there is? Is God's reality (true one at that), different from our fallen region in HIs Kingdom?
Epistemology: so how do we know what true knowledge is? Can we grasp God's natural reality, or is only possible to experience it under His Spirit?, His Word in the Bible tells us about it, but how can we ascertain its real existence without experiencing it?
In the Story part: at the beginning there was only one Will in God's Kingdom, and everything was right, no suffering, no evil, no injustice, etc.
Came Haylel, in a particular region of God's Kingdom a rebellion started, and thus a second will emerged. Created beings wanted to be like God, but without the Aseity and creative powers unique to Him.
Result: injustice, exploitation, suffering, evil, etc. Heylel gets fired, and God will put adopted children in charge of the area, but to make them wise, He allows them to experience first hand the fallen state of a rebellious region, so that they will know the difference between good and evil, and never again chose to side with evil...
You probably can see what I mean by needing a conceptual framework before starting to talk about apologetics.
Some interesting articles to ponder more on the subject and to get a better idea of the relation between worldview and apologetics:
https://covenantteacherscollege.com/images/site/PDF/iap/file2_1-6.pdf
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58823046.pdf
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58826273.pdf
Once one has a better grasp of the relation of worldviews and apologetics, then is much easier to follow the debates and "see" the holes.
https://www.amazon.com/Worldview-David-K-Naugle-Jr-ebook/dp/B001Q3L7JI/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=worldview%3A+the+history+of+a+concept&qid=1617074690&s=digital-text&sr=1-1
Following the onion layers of: worldview, customs, institutions, one can make sense of the vast array of apologetic types:
Apologetics, Types of. There are differing kinds of apologetics systems, and no universally-acknowledged way to categorize them.
Geisler, N. L. (1999). Apologetics, Types Of. In Baker encyclopedia of Christian apologetics (p. 41). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books.
Different angle for further study, reflection and constructive comment.
Peace and grace.
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Very interesting and clarifying article to have a framework on worldview for apologetic work. Infer your own conclusions.
Quote:
"However, once we have abandoned or bracketed the philosophical-abstract discussion, the way is open to deepen questions about the meaning and relevance of atheism. What concept of God is presupposed in prominent atheistic discourses today? What characterizes this concept and what is the historical origin? Is it possible to imagine other [theistic] concepts? What is the relation between western theology and atheistic conceptions of God? Is there a connection between the God-talk we find in Holy Scriptures such as the New Testament and the metaphysical God-talk that originates from the Greek philosophical tradition characterized by a will to speak of God-in-itself (a question already posed by Pascal)? Why does the question of the existence of God, in the case of Christianity, never occur in the Holy Scriptures, in the creeds, or in the texts of the Reformation? Is posing this question a sign of an enlightened consciousness? While many of these questions are philosophical in nature, they go far beyond, or even burst, the framework of the atheistic discourse."
From:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15507394.2020.1785811
Peace and grace.
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Only presuppositionalists...
[;)]
(I'm kidding, I'm kidding. Some of my best friends are evidentialists.
-Donnie
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