List of New Testament Hapax Legomena

Here's a list of NT hapax legomena generated from Logos 5, with a bit of manipulating in Excel. The document contains two lists, one in Scripture order, and one in alphabetical order. (There's also a version for the Hebrew Bible.)

3465.Hapax Legomena.docx

This is an updated file, which includes some corrections, and adds sub-headings and English glosses.

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Jack Hairston

Thanks, Mark!

Hapax Legomena

Did somebody page me?

Graham Criddle

Thanks Mark

Great work, Graham

Rosie Perera

Thank you, Mark. Many people have been wanting something like this.

How hard would it be to do something similar for the OT?

Mark Barnes

How hard would it be to do something similar for the OT?

I'm already working on that. The process is essentially the same, but the far greater size of the OT makes it slower. It's also less clear as to which manuscript to use (BHS/WIVU, AFAT and Lexham Hebrew Bible are the options). Because of the complexities of Hebrew, the tagging systems often make quite different decisions regarding lemmas - particularly whether homonymns justify different lemmas or not.

Bruce Dunning

I really appreciate your work on this too in light of our previous conversation.

fgh

Thanks, Mark.

Does anyone else [on a Mac] get endless beach balls trying to do anything at all in this resource? I recompiled and that helped a bit, but not enough, unfortunately. I'm wondering if it has to do with the warnings*, and if perhaps Mac is more sensitive to them than Windows?

* [Warning] Article 'A_SCRIPTUREORDER' has 54008 characters. Consider shortening this article.
[Warning] Article 'A_ALPHABETICALORDER' has 54001 characters. Consider shortening this article.

Paul-C

fgh, I'm running L5 on Mac OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.2 on a MBP with a SSD and 8GB of RAM. I got the following warning messages after compiling this PB:

[Warning] Article 'A_SCRIPTUREORDER' has 54008 characters. Consider shortening this article.

[Warning] Article 'A_ALPHABETICALORDER' has 54001 characters. Consider shortening this article.

[The same errors that you got.]

Logos 5 was slow to open this PB from my library - and is slow at responding when I click on the arrow at the top-left of the screen to access the chapter hyperlinks. I was able to scroll reasonably freely up and down the PB, however if I tried dragging the slider to scroll right through the resource (i.e. from top to bottom), I would get the spinning beach ball for about five seconds at the half way point before it continued.

fgh

Paul, what happens when you click the alphabetical or scripture order headings in the TOC? What about widening and narrowing the TOC?

Paul-C

Paul, what happens when you click the alphabetical or scripture order headings in the TOC? What about widening and narrowing the TOC?

When I click on the alphabetical or scripture headings in the TOC, there was a slight delay and then the spinny beach ball for about two or three seconds. It would then allow me to freely click in the TOC (and instantly respond) a few times, however after a short while, I'd get the pause and spinny beach ball again and the pattern would repeat itself.

There's a big delay when I try and drag to widen / narrow the TOC. However, I don't get any spinny beach ball with the pause.

John C. Butler

Dear Mark...I found one Hapax you may have missed from the great list you compiled...

2 Tim 1:8... be partaker of affliction - syfkakopatheo G4777

God bless

John

Graham Criddle

Hi John - and welcome to the forums

Dear Mark...I found one Hapax you may have missed from the great list you compiled...

2 Tim 1:8... be partaker of affliction - syfkakopatheo G4777

This also appears in 2 Timothy 2:3

Graham

Mark Barnes

I found one Hapax you may have missed from the great list you compiled...

2 Tim 1:8..

Hello John,

Thanks for letting me know about this. As Graham says, συγκακοπαθέω also appears in 2 Timothy 2:3, at least in the eclectic texts. It's not present there in the Received Text, which has σὺ οὖν κακοπάθησον instead.

So it's not clear whether or not it's hapax legomena. Personally, I consider the eclectic texts more accurate, so my list is based on those texts (specifically NA28).

Mark

Daniel J Weber

Love your work, thanks! I have a question along the lines of the hapax. My question sort of came up earlier in the discussion with 2 Timothy.

Would it be pissue to expand the master list to include words that only occur within one book?

For example, a word may occur 4 times, but all of them in 2 Peter

Mark Barnes

Hi Daniel,

There's no easy way that I know of to get this type of information from Logos - although if you're interested in one particular book, it could be done via Word Lists.

Mark

Chris Lenz

Hi Mark,
Thanks for the list of hapaxes, it was useful. Can you make similar lists of dis legomena and tris legomena also. I can't do it using my software.

Thanks,

Chris

robin riley

(Robin)

My question is

The term "hapax legomena" (for words that only appear once) is a bit confusing to me ...

That is, take for instance the verb "ἐλλόγει" ("ellogei" - #1677 V-PAM-2S) found in Philemon 1:18, but this same verb in another form, "ἐλλογεῖται" ("ellogeitai" - #1677 V-PPI-3S}, is also found in Romans 5:13 ...

So would both instances of this verb configuration be considered to be "hapax legomena," or because it's the same verb used twice, would this disqualify it? That is, each instance of the word is, indeed, unique ... "only appears once" ... so wouldn't this count as there being two different words that are "hapax legomena?"

Note #1: Did not see "ἐλλογεῖται" (from Romans 5:13) in your listing ...there any reason for this?

Note #2:The word "ἐλλόγει" (from Philemon 1:18) is a souce text variation; Westcott-Hort read this as "ἐλλόγα" ("elloga" - 1677 V-PAM-2S)

ἐλλόγα

ei de ti EdikEsen se E opheilei touto emoi ellogei

1:18* Εἰ δέ τι ἠδίκησέν σε ἢ ὀφείλει, τοῦτο ἐμοὶ ἐλλόγει·

"Yet if any [thing] to you he had wronged, or he indebts,

to this [matter] be you imputing unto me." (~Robin)

if {1487 COND} yet {1161 CONJ} to any [thing] {5100 X-ASN} he had wronged {0091 V-AAI-3S} to you {1473 P-2AS} or {2228 PRT} he indebts {3784 V-PAI-3S} to this [thing] {3778 D-ASN} unto me {1473 P-1DS} be you imputing {1677 V-PAM-2S}

robin riley

(Robin)

Just trying to clarify this (to myself, mostly) ... that is, in the "Byzantine Textform 2005," by Maurice Robinson, I find verse 1:8 to read as:

***

1:8 Μὴ οὖν ἐπαισχυνθῇς τὸ μαρτύριον τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν, μηδὲ ἐμὲ τὸν δέσμιον αὐτοῦ· ἀλλὰ συγκακοπάθησον τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ κατὰ δύναμιν θεοῦ,

mE oun epaischunthEs to marturion tou kuriou hEmOn mEde eme ton desmion autou alla sugkakopathEson tO euaggeliO kata dunamin theou

***

And in 2:3 (the verse with the text variations), I find it to read as:

***

2:3* Σὺ οὖν κακοπάθησον ὡς καλὸς στρατιώτης Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ.

su oun kakopathEson hOs kalos stratiOtEs iEsou christou

***

2:3 Different Word and Deletions

σὺ οὖν κακοπάθησον

C² D^c K L Byz syr^h goth Chrysostom Euthalius Theodoret John-Damascus ς ND Dio

su oun kakopasEson

you {1473 P-2NS} therefore {3767 CONJ} be you evil-suffering {2553 V-AAM-2S}

sugkakopathEson

be you together-evil-suffering {4777 V-AAM-2S}

συγκακοπάθησον

WH NR CEI Riv TILC Nv NM

2:3* Syntax

Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ

Byz ς ND Dio

iEsou christou

of Yeshua/ of Jesus {2424 N-GSM} of Anointed/ of Christ {5547 N-GSM}

christou iEsou

of Anointed/ of Christ {5547 N-GSM} of Yeshua/ of Jesus {2424 N-GSM}

Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ

WH NR CEI Riv TILC Nv NM

Mark Barnes

The term "hapax legomena" (for words that only appear once) is a bit confusing to me ...

Hapax Legomena refers to words that are found only once, regardless of the form. In the example you give, both words are the same in their dictionary form (ἐλλογέω), so that's not an hapax legomena.

robin riley

(Robin)

However, each of these words are ... UNIQUE ... s

o the term is, as defined (by you and others),

rather vague and deficient! ... Don't you think?

That is, this is a ... Forum ... where thoughts are examined.

So then ... not to be Irish, my curse, but DO YOU examine?

MJ. Smith

Blame the philologists for this common term (to them). From Wikipedia:

"A hapax legomenon (/ˈhæpəks lɨˈɡɒmɨnɒn/ also /ˈhæpæks/ or /ˈheɪpæks/; pl. hapax legomena; sometimes abbreviated to hapax, pl. hapaxes) is a word that occurs only once within a context, either in the written record of an entire language, in the works of an author, or in a single text. The term is sometimes incorrectly used to describe a word that occurs in just one of an author's works, even though it occurs more than once in that work. Hapax legomenon is a transliteration of Greek ἅπαξ λεγόμενον, meaning "(something) said (only) once".^"

By "term" or word" what is generally meant is the lemma form with the lemma having multiple forms which may appear in manuscript form or surface text form. That is to say "cow" cows", cow's", "cows'" are considered multiple forms of the word cow. But as you look across a variety of languages you are correct that the very idea of word is a very slippery one.

Mark Barnes

However, each of these words are ... UNIQUE ... s

o the term is, as defined (by you and others),

rather vague and deficient! ... Don't you think?

Most people would agree that "bible" and "bibles" are the same word, but in different forms (one is singular and one is plural). Equally, most people would agree that "go" and "goes" are the same word, but one is used in the first person "I go", and the other in the second person "she goes". That's a pretty common understanding, and that's the logic behind this list. I don't think it's either vague or deficient.

Micheal Curtice

Mark, Clearly a lot of work and time went into this. Thank you so very much. Brenda

George Sedor

Thank you!

Justin Alfred

Dear, Brother Mark:

I just finished writing and posting my response on the Hebrew Hapax Legomena, and now I am going to do it for the Greek. I am privileged to be able to teach Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic at the Azusa Pacific Seminary in San Diego, CA, and your work in the MT and the Greek NT will be of tremendous help and assistance to my students who are pursuing both pastoral ministry, as well as academic, teaching positions. Indeed, what you have done through your diligent and committed work unto the Lord is to allow the Holy Spirit to bring to life even more clearly God's Eternal Word of Truth to a spiritually hungry and needy humanity - keep up your diligent work as to the Lord (Col. 3:23-24).

God bless you,

Justin T. Alfred

Mark Barnes

Thank you, Justin!

Bishop J.T. Cohen

Greetings,

archēgon

ἀρχηγὸν

in Hebrews 2:10 missing?

Is it a hapax in NA 28?

Thanks,

JTC

Claude Brown Jr

Thanks Mark very helpful.

Lee

ἀρχηγός is a rare term, but not technically a hapax - Heb. 12:2

StevenG

Hey all. Yeah I'm six years late chiming-in since i just came across this wonderful and innovative list. Thank you for your labor, Mark! Does anyone know if there is another list like this for all the (If/Then) conditional statements of the NT? There used to be an iOS app that provided a list of these "conditional statements" and appropriating them in 3 different lists: 1st class, 2nd class, and 3rd class conditions. However, the app is no longer working or supported by the developer. Grace and Peace to you all.

David Paul

The term "hapax legomena" (for words that only appear once) is a bit confusing to me ...

Hapax Legomena refers to words that are found only once, regardless of the form. In the example you give, both words are the same in their dictionary form (ἐλλογέω), so that's not an hapax legomena.

The term is also used for words that may occur more than once in the Bible, but are always found in an identical context/sentence.

Rick Brannan (Logos)

Does anyone know if there is another list like this for all the (If/Then) conditional statements of the NT? There used to be an iOS app that provided a list of these "conditional statements" and appropriating them in 3 different lists: 1st class, 2nd class, and 3rd class conditions

StevenG —

1st, 2nd, 3rd, and even 4th class conditionals (well, only 'mixed' 4th class conditionals in the NT) are annotated by the "Greek Grammatical Constructions" dataset (more info). Additionally, protasis and apodosis of each conditional are also annotated. You can search for them using Bible search with:

First Class: {Section <GramCon 1C>}
Second Class: {Section <GramCon 2C>}
Third Class: {Section <GramCon 3C>}
Fourth Class: {Section <GramCon 4C>}

Alternately, if you have access to Grace Theological Journal, there is a series of articles by Boyer that describe and collect conditionals.

Hope it helps!

Morgan James

Just a quick reaction. Thank you for this. Not sure if you want to compare your list with the list in Denaux, Adelbert, Rita Corstjens, and Hellen Mardaga, eds. The Vocabulary of Luke: An Alphabetical Presentation and a Survey of Characteristic and Noteworthy Words and Word Groups in Luke's Gospel, Biblical Tools and Studies, vol. 10. Leuven: Peeters, 2009.

Their statistics are based on Nestle-Aland 27. On pp. XXXII-XXXIII of the above work, you'll find "Words that appear only once in Luke" : 284 hapax of which 55 are proper names, resulting in 229 hapax compared to your list of 221 (without proper names; calculation based on Word's tabulation). Thus, a difference of eight words.

For comparison with the other synoptics, they indicate 102 hapax in Matthew and 74 in Mark.

Best regards - James

Bill Rigsby

Mark Barnes,

Thanks for generating this listing of all Hapax Legomenon. Here I come, exactly 8 yrs afterwards, to find it most helpful. Thanks again and Blessings to you, sir!!

Kiyah

I too would like to add my gratitude to Mark for sharing this work. I came across this post in 2017 and I'm still using the list in various ways in Logos to this day.

Just to help anyone out who is studying hapax legomena in 2 Peter, many commentaries (who are all citing Bauckham's WBC volume) state that there are 57 words in 2 Peter that appear nowhere else in the NT. Some explicitly call them hapax legomena (which would mean they appear only once, at least that's my understanding of the term). You'll notice Mark's list only has 47 words for 2 Peter. When I replicated my own list I got 48, but this is because I didn't take out the proper name (Βοσόρ) in 2 Pet 2:15.

The issue for me was that I don't own Bauckham's commentary to get the details of his analysis on the vocabulary of 2 Peter. As far as I can tell, however, the difference between Bauckham's 57 and Mark's 47 words is that there are 9 words in 2 Peter that appear 2 or 3 times (rather than once) in 2 Peter but nowhere else in the NT, plus 1 proper name (mentioned above) that Mark excluded. Here are the 9 words:

Lemma	Gloss	Verse(s)
ἐπάγγελμα	promise	1:4; 3:13
ταχινός	swift; coming soon; imminent	1:14; 2:1
ἔκπαλαι	long ago; for a long time	2:3; 3:5
ἄθεσμος	lawless	2:7; 3:17
ἀστήρικτος	weak; unstable	2:14; 3:16
ἡττάομαι	be defeated; succumb to	2:19, 20
καυσόω	burn up; be consumed by heat	3:10, 12
ἀποφεύγω	escape; escape from	1:4; 2:18, 20
ἐξακολουθέω	follow; pursue	1:16; 2:2, 15

Maybe no one needs this but me but I was quite perplexed as to what the difference in the word count might be. Although if I owned Bauckham's commentary I probably could have answered the question much more easily.

MJ. Smith

What original language text was used to create each list?

Kiyah

What original language text was used to create each list?

Both Mark and I used the NA28. I'm assuming Bauckham would have been using whichever Nestle-Aland edition was out in 1983 (NA26?). I found another word that is a textual variant that might be contributing to the difference.

ὀλίγως (scarcely; barely) in 2 Peter 2:18 is a hapax legomenon in the SBLGNT, WH, Tregelles, NA27 (according to the SBLGNT apparatus; I don't have the NA27), and OpenText. Does anyone know if OpenText is based on the NA27? The NA28 has ὄντως (truly; really) at that place, which is not a hapax legomenon in the NA28.

KJB1611

Thank you. What is the total number of NT hapax legomena in the Greek NT? I did not see a number in the document you posted, and am not sure how to get that number in my Logos (or Accordance) Bible software. Thank you.

MJ. Smith

Use the concordance tool to find counts by lemmas including counts of 1.

NB.Mick

Thank you. What is the total number of NT hapax legomena in the Greek NT? I did not see a number in the document you posted

It's easy to put the second list into Excel and take out the alphabet group headers: 1672 hapax legomena in Mark's list (hope that's the same the concordance tool will give)

David Paul

Use the concordance tool to find counts by lemmas including counts of 1.

As I said above, there are some words used more than once in the Bible, but they are used in identical grammatical settings. Using a totally made up example, there might be 6 books that begin, "Greeting to all my buddies in the hinterlands...", where "hinterlands" is used only in these 6 places and no where else. Even though its "count" is six, technically, due to it occurring only in these identical contextual settings, it is as though it is found only once. Some count these as HLs, as well.

Christopher

1. can you make a list of dis/tris legomena? 2. can you make a second list treating Luke and Acts as one piece?

Mark Johns

Nice!

Mark

Christopher

List of hapax legomena says nothing, we should get list of full lexical base of a given author (luke, mark, paul, john etc)

MJ. Smith

we should get list of full lexical base of a given author

The Concordance Tool does this.

Patrick Moran

Thank you, Mark.

This list is very helpful. Looks like you posted this 11 years ago. It is still bearing fruit!

robin riley

I am unable to download this hapax list ... could I get someone to send me a copy at robinriley39@gmail.com ... thank you

robin riley

There seems to be an updated NT

list ...? ... where can I get a copy of this

Tony Listi

Is there a reason you have not included κεχαριτωμένη (Lk 1:28) ? I could certainly think of good reasons not to….

Kiyah

https://community.logos.com/discussion/comment/1354095#Comment_1354095

It's not a hapax legomenon. It appears twice in the NT.