The passage from Ambrose of Milan lays out a defense of Moses as a divinely inspired author and of creation ex nihilo in opposition to pagan philosophical cosmologies. Below is a structured argument map of the text:
Main Thesis
Moses, inspired by God, authoritatively affirms that God created the world ex nihilo, contrary to pagan philosophical accounts of cosmogenesis.
I. Moses’ Statement in Genesis 1:1 Has Theological Intent and Philosophical Precision (Section 5)
A. Purpose of Genesis 1:1
Moses foresaw the emergence of cosmological errors (either already present or anticipated).
- He began with "In the beginning God created heaven and earth" to:Emphasize that God preexists creation.Assert that God is the source of all beginnings.
B. Scriptural Support
John 8:25: Jesus identifies Himself as “the beginning,” reinforcing the claim that God is not derived from anything else.
C. Polemic Against Philosophical Cosmologies
Refutes the idea that God is a mere artisan copying from preexisting matter or a Platonic Idea.
Moses affirms immediate, volitional creation, not construction from a model.
D. Speed of Creation
The syntax ("He created") signals the instantaneous nature of creation, reinforcing divine omnipotence.
II. Moses’ Authority as a Witness and Prophet (Section 6)
A. Moses’ Education and Integrity
Trained in all Egyptian knowledge, yet rejects Thales’ doctrine (that all derives from water).
Chose exile and justice over luxury and vice, demonstrating moral credibility.
B. Moses’ Prophetic Credentials
Retreated for divine contemplation.
Knew God "face to face"—a unique prophetic intimacy per Deut 34:10.
Did not receive truth through visions or riddles, but through direct revelation.
III. Moses’ Inspiration and Reliability (Section 7)
A. Divine Assistance
God promised to guide Moses' speech (Exod 4:12) in his mission to Pharaoh.
By implication, the same divine assistance governed his cosmological declarations.
B. Contrast with Philosophical Error
- Rejects:Atomism: creation as a result of random atomic collisions.Materialism: world fashioned from preexisting matter.
- Affirms:God is the efficient cause of creation.Divine mind contains the causes and forms of all things.
C. Critique of Pagan Theories
Atomist cosmologies are like spider webs—delicate, unsubstantial, and speculative.
Philosophers who do not know the Creator cannot know the Ruler.
Conclusion
We must follow Moses, who knew both the Author and Ruler of creation, rather than be misled by speculative philosophy.
Summary Diagram (Outline Form)
Thesis: Moses’ statement is divinely inspired truth about creation.
Support:
a. Purposeful phrasing of Gen 1:1
b. Christological validation
c. Rejection of Platonism/atomism
Credibility of Moses:
a. Egyptian education
b. Moral heroism
c. Unique prophetic vision
Divine inspiration of speech:
a. Proof from mission to Pharaoh
b. Implies reliability of cosmological claim
Critique of alternatives:
a. Atomist randomness is incoherent
b. Philosophers lack knowledge of God
Exhortation: Follow Moses, not vain opinion.
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