List of New Testament Hapax Legomena
Comments
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Bruce Dunning said:
Do you mind sharing the process you used to also include the glosses?
The index was created like this:
- I created a word list of the entire NA28, and sorted by frequency.
- I exported this to Microsoft Excel, and deleted words which appeared more than once.
- I copied the resulting list of lemmas to a text editor, and using find/replace to convert the list into a Logos search string. I added ANDNOT <LN 93> to remove proper nouns.
- I performed an analysis search using this search string, sorted by Scripture reference, and exported into Excel. I copied this export into a second worksheet on the original spreadsheet.
- We now have two worksheets. The first has the lemmas and their English glosses (but no Scripture reference). The second has the lemmas and their Scripture reference, but no English glosses. So, using Excel’s vlookup function, I add the English gloss to the search analysis export.
- After deleting unnecessary columns, the resulting list is copied and pasted into Word, then sorted be lemma and copied and pasted again.
- All that's left to do then is add the headings and so on. The whole process took around 20 minutes.
This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!
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I appreciate you taking time to explain the process. Wow, that is quite complicated (and fascinating). I continue to learn so much from you Mark. Thanks!
Using adventure and community to challenge young people to continually say "yes" to God
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Mark Barnes, you are a genius!
גַּם־חֹשֶׁךְ֮ לֹֽא־יַחְשִׁ֪יךְ מִ֫מֶּ֥ךָ וְ֭לַיְלָה כַּיּ֣וֹם יָאִ֑יר כַּ֝חֲשֵׁיכָ֗ה כָּאוֹרָֽה
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Dear Mark...I found one Hapax you may have missed from the great list you compiled...
2 Tim 1:8... be partaker of affliction - syfkakopatheo G4777
God bless
John
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Hi John - and welcome to the forums
John C. Butler said:Dear Mark...I found one Hapax you may have missed from the great list you compiled...
2 Tim 1:8... be partaker of affliction - syfkakopatheo G4777
This also appears in 2 Timothy 2:3
Graham
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John C. Butler said:
I found one Hapax you may have missed from the great list you compiled...
Hello John,
Thanks for letting me know about this. As Graham says, συγκακοπαθέω also appears in 2 Timothy 2:3, at least in the eclectic texts. It's not present there in the Received Text, which has σὺ οὖν κακοπάθησον instead.
So it's not clear whether or not it's hapax legomena. Personally, I consider the eclectic texts more accurate, so my list is based on those texts (specifically NA28).
Mark
This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!
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Love your work, thanks! I have a question along the lines of the hapax. My question sort of came up earlier in the discussion with 2 Timothy.
Would it be pissue to expand the master list to include words that only occur within one book?
For example, a word may occur 4 times, but all of them in 2 Peter
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Hi Daniel,
There's no easy way that I know of to get this type of information from Logos - although if you're interested in one particular book, it could be done via Word Lists.
Mark
This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!
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Hi Mark,
Thanks for the list of hapaxes, it was useful. Can you make similar lists of dis legomena and tris legomena also. I can't do it using my software.Thanks,
Chris
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(Robin)
My question is
The term "hapax legomena" (for words that only appear once) is a bit confusing to me ...
That is, take for instance the verb "ἐλλόγει" ("ellogei" - #1677 V-PAM-2S) found in Philemon 1:18, but this same verb in another form, "ἐλλογεῖται" ("ellogeitai" - #1677 V-PPI-3S}, is also found in Romans 5:13 ...
So would both instances of this verb configuration be considered to be "hapax legomena," or because it's the same verb used twice, would this disqualify it? That is, each instance of the word is, indeed, unique ... "only appears once" ... so wouldn't this count as there being two different words that are "hapax legomena?"
Note #1: Did not see "ἐλλογεῖται" (from Romans 5:13) in your listing ...there any reason for this?
Note #2:The word "ἐλλόγει" (from Philemon 1:18) is a souce text variation; Westcott-Hort read this as "ἐλλόγα" ("elloga" - 1677 V-PAM-2S)
ἐλλόγα
WH
ei de ti EdikEsen se E opheilei touto emoi ellogei
1:18* Εἰ δέ τι ἠδίκησέν σε ἢ ὀφείλει, τοῦτο ἐμοὶ ἐλλόγει·
"Yet if any [thing] to you he had wronged, or he indebts,
to this [matter] be you imputing unto me." (~Robin)
if {1487 COND} yet {1161 CONJ} to any [thing] {5100 X-ASN} he had wronged {0091 V-AAI-3S} to you {1473 P-2AS} or {2228 PRT} he indebts {3784 V-PAI-3S} to this [thing] {3778 D-ASN} unto me {1473 P-1DS} be you imputing {1677 V-PAM-2S}
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(Robin)
Just trying to clarify this (to myself, mostly) ... that is, in the "Byzantine Textform 2005," by Maurice Robinson, I find verse 1:8 to read as:
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1:8 Μὴ οὖν ἐπαισχυνθῇς τὸ μαρτύριον τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν, μηδὲ ἐμὲ τὸν δέσμιον αὐτοῦ· ἀλλὰ συγκακοπάθησον τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ κατὰ δύναμιν θεοῦ,
mE oun epaischunthEs to marturion tou kuriou hEmOn mEde eme ton desmion autou alla sugkakopathEson tO euaggeliO kata dunamin theou
***
And in 2:3 (the verse with the text variations), I find it to read as:
***
2:3* Σὺ οὖν κακοπάθησον ὡς καλὸς στρατιώτης Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ.
su oun kakopathEson hOs kalos stratiOtEs iEsou christou
***
2:3 Different Word and Deletions
σὺ οὖν κακοπάθησον
C2 Dc K L Byz syrh goth Chrysostom Euthalius Theodoret John-Damascus ς ND Dio
su oun kakopasEson
you {1473 P-2NS} therefore {3767 CONJ} be you evil-suffering {2553 V-AAM-2S}
sugkakopathEson
be you together-evil-suffering {4777 V-AAM-2S}
συγκακοπάθησον
WH NR CEI Riv TILC Nv NM
2:3* Syntax
Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Byz ς ND Dio
iEsou christou
of Yeshua/ of Jesus {2424 N-GSM} of Anointed/ of Christ {5547 N-GSM}
christou iEsou
of Anointed/ of Christ {5547 N-GSM} of Yeshua/ of Jesus {2424 N-GSM}
Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ
WH NR CEI Riv TILC Nv NM
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robin riley said:
The term "hapax legomena" (for words that only appear once) is a bit confusing to me ...
Hapax Legomena refers to words that are found only once, regardless of the form. In the example you give, both words are the same in their dictionary form (ἐλλογέω), so that's not an hapax legomena.
This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!
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(Robin)
However, each of these words are ... UNIQUE ... s
o the term is, as defined (by you and others),
rather vague and deficient! ... Don't you think?
That is, this is a ... Forum ... where thoughts are examined.
So then ... not to be Irish, my curse, but DO YOU examine?
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Blame the philologists for this common term (to them). From Wikipedia:
"A hapax legomenon (/ˈhæpəks lɨˈɡɒmɨnɒn/ also /ˈhæpæks/ or /ˈheɪpæks/; pl. hapax legomena; sometimes abbreviated to hapax, pl. hapaxes) is a word that occurs only once within a context, either in the written record of an entire language, in the works of an author, or in a single text. The term is sometimes incorrectly used to describe a word that occurs in just one of an author's works, even though it occurs more than once in that work. Hapax legomenon is a transliteration of Greek ἅπαξ λεγόμενον, meaning "(something) said (only) once"."
By "term" or word" what is generally meant is the lemma form with the lemma having multiple forms which may appear in manuscript form or surface text form. That is to say "cow" cows", cow's", "cows'" are considered multiple forms of the word cow. But as you look across a variety of languages you are correct that the very idea of word is a very slippery one.
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
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robin riley said:
However, each of these words are ... UNIQUE ... s
o the term is, as defined (by you and others),
rather vague and deficient! ... Don't you think?
Most people would agree that "bible" and "bibles" are the same word, but in different forms (one is singular and one is plural). Equally, most people would agree that "go" and "goes" are the same word, but one is used in the first person "I go", and the other in the second person "she goes". That's a pretty common understanding, and that's the logic behind this list. I don't think it's either vague or deficient.
This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!
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Mark Barnes said:robin riley said:
However, each of these words are ... UNIQUE ... s
o the term is, as defined (by you and others),
rather vague and deficient! ... Don't you think?
Most people would agree that "bible" and "bibles" are the same word, but in different forms (one is singular and one is plural). Equally, most people would agree that "go" and "goes" are the same word, but one is used in the first person "I go", and the other in the second person "she goes". That's a pretty common understanding, and that's the logic behind this list. I don't think it's either vague or deficient.
In plain terms, folks are particularly interested in the hapax because there could be some uncertainty with the meaning. Viewed in that light, words in different forms (each form occurring once) are less problematic.
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Thankyou guys (Lee, Mark, MJ Smith) for the feedback ... I've compiled a listing of the over 7000 different word "forms" used in Paul's 13 epistles, and am now annotating each of those words, which are unique to Paul, and which are unique in "form" (declinations and parsings), so was wrestling with how tp properly use the term "hapax legomenon."
It's been an interesting project (and a challenging one, doing it hand over hand without software assistance), and I'll have to, now, adjust, my list annotations to comply with the more definite meaning of hapax legomenon, that MJ Smith provides (see above). But as pointed out, the idea of "word" is a somewhat slippery one.That hapax words are of particular interest, due to the occational uncertainty with meaning, is indeed correct (as Mark pointed out), and sometimes even when the word is used again, but in a different "form," it doesn't always make things less problematic ...compiling this list, and attempting my own translation of Paul's letters has, indeed, been a long term challenge, but a very interesting and fun one.Thanks again for your feedback; perhaps I could lob a few other questions your way, now and again?Robin Riley0 -
Thank you for the feedback ... and I apoligise for lumping you in with the other "guys," as I was composing my reply based on the email responses I'd received, and it wasn't until I saw your picture (here) that I realized my mistake. ...Thank you, again, MJ Smith, for the feedback
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Would be nice to have this for the LXX as well.
Would there be a way to compare LXX hapax logomena with NA27 for example?
According to Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages, Volume 26, 2000, Proverbs alone has 161 hapax legomena.
logosres:jnsl2000;ref=VolumeNumberPage.V_26,_N_2,_p_164;off=614
Not sure what this resource may have:
Hebrew Hapax Legomena and Septuagint Lexicography, in COX (ed.), 1991, pp. 205–222.
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Mark, Clearly a lot of work and time went into this. Thank you so very much. Brenda
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DELETED
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Thank you!
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Great work, Mark. Thank you very much.
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Dear, Brother Mark:
I just finished writing and posting my response on the Hebrew Hapax Legomena, and now I am going to do it for the Greek. I am privileged to be able to teach Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic at the Azusa Pacific Seminary in San Diego, CA, and your work in the MT and the Greek NT will be of tremendous help and assistance to my students who are pursuing both pastoral ministry, as well as academic, teaching positions. Indeed, what you have done through your diligent and committed work unto the Lord is to allow the Holy Spirit to bring to life even more clearly God's Eternal Word of Truth to a spiritually hungry and needy humanity - keep up your diligent work as to the Lord (Col. 3:23-24).
God bless you,
Justin T. Alfred
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Thank you, Justin!
This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!
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Thanks Mark very helpful.
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Thanks for the hard work, much appreciated.
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ἀρχηγός is a rare term, but not technically a hapax - Heb. 12:2
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Hey all. Yeah I'm six years late chiming-in since i just came across this wonderful and innovative list. Thank you for your labor, Mark! Does anyone know if there is another list like this for all the (If/Then) conditional statements of the NT? There used to be an iOS app that provided a list of these "conditional statements" and appropriating them in 3 different lists: 1st class, 2nd class, and 3rd class conditions. However, the app is no longer working or supported by the developer. Grace and Peace to you all.
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