List of New Testament Hapax Legomena
Here's a list of NT hapax legomena generated from Logos 5, with a bit of manipulating in Excel. The document contains two lists, one in Scripture order, and one in alphabetical order. (There's also a version for the Hebrew Bible.)
This is an updated file, which includes some corrections, and adds sub-headings and English glosses.
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- First Class: {Section <GramCon 1C>}
- Second Class: {Section <GramCon 2C>}
- Third Class: {Section <GramCon 3C>}
- Fourth Class: {Section <GramCon 4C>}
How hard would it be to do something similar for the OT?
I'm already working on that. The process is essentially the same, but the far greater size of the OT makes it slower. It's also less clear as to which manuscript to use (BHS/WIVU, AFAT and Lexham Hebrew Bible are the options). Because of the complexities of Hebrew, the tagging systems often make quite different decisions regarding lemmas - particularly whether homonymns justify different lemmas or not.
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Thanks, Mark.
Does anyone else [on a Mac] get endless beach balls trying to do anything at all in this resource? I recompiled and that helped a bit, but not enough, unfortunately. I'm wondering if it has to do with the warnings*, and if perhaps Mac is more sensitive to them than Windows?
* [Warning] Article 'A_SCRIPTUREORDER' has 54008 characters. Consider shortening this article.
[Warning] Article 'A_ALPHABETICALORDER' has 54001 characters. Consider shortening this article.
Mac Pro (late 2013) OS 12.6.2
fgh, I'm running L5 on Mac OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.2 on a MBP with a SSD and 8GB of RAM. I got the following warning messages after compiling this PB:
[Warning] Article 'A_SCRIPTUREORDER' has 54008 characters. Consider shortening this article.
[Warning] Article 'A_ALPHABETICALORDER' has 54001 characters. Consider shortening this article.
[The same errors that you got.]
Logos 5 was slow to open this PB from my library - and is slow at responding when I click on the arrow at the top-left of the screen to access the chapter hyperlinks. I was able to scroll reasonably freely up and down the PB, however if I tried dragging the slider to scroll right through the resource (i.e. from top to bottom), I would get the spinning beach ball for about five seconds at the half way point before it continued.
Paul, what happens when you click the alphabetical or scripture order headings in the TOC? What about widening and narrowing the TOC?
When I click on the alphabetical or scripture headings in the TOC, there was a slight delay and then the spinny beach ball for about two or three seconds. It would then allow me to freely click in the TOC (and instantly respond) a few times, however after a short while, I'd get the pause and spinny beach ball again and the pattern would repeat itself.
There's a big delay when I try and drag to widen / narrow the TOC. However, I don't get any spinny beach ball with the pause.
Thanks. It seems you're seeing the same thing I do, just a lot less of it due to your better computer. For me it's literally minutes of beach balls.
I'm guessing a few subheadings may do the trick: 'Gospels', 'Epistles', 'A-F'... Might try that later if Mark doesn't beat me to it.
EDIT: Oops, that should be Greek alphabet, not English, of course.[:)]
Mac Pro (late 2013) OS 12.6.2
I'm guessing a few subheadings may do the trick: 'Gospels', 'Epistles', 'A-F'... Might try that later if Mark doesn't beat me to it.
I did notice the warnings, and it's certainly the case that Logos' performance suffers with long articles (Logos resources often have hidden article breaks, but I don't think you can do these in Personal Books). On my PC though, the performance was pretty reasonable, so I left it as it was. I'm sure some strategically placed headings would fix things. If you don't mind, it may be better for you to do it - you could test it on your Mac, and make sure the number of headings was appropriate for the speed increase necessary.
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2664.Mark Barnes - Hapax Legomena.docx
I'm guessing a few subheadings may do the trick: 'Gospels', 'Epistles', 'A-F'... Might try that later if Mark doesn't beat me to it.I did notice the warnings, and it's certainly the case that Logos' performance suffers with long articles (Logos resources often have hidden article breaks, but I don't think you can do these in Personal Books). On my PC though, the performance was pretty reasonable, so I left it as it was. I'm sure some strategically placed headings would fix things. If you don't mind, it may be better for you to do it - you could test it on your Mac, and make sure the number of headings was appropriate for the speed increase necessary.
I've broken down the two sections of this PB using level 2 headings - Scripture section by: Gospels, History (Acts), Pauline Epistles, General Epistles, Prophecy (Revelation)) and the Alphabetical section into four groups of 6 letters, and performance has improved a lot! There's still a slight hesitation when scrolling or opening the TOC pane, but performance for me is 100% better than before. Thanks for the suggestion fgh (and Mark)!
I've attached my edited file in case anyone wants to use (or improve) it.
Thanks to both of you for confirming that subheadings is the way to go, and thanks for the new file, Paul. I've had to divide it up even further, but I'm not used to working with tables, so seeing how you did it helped a lot. It works better now, but the level 1 headings have disappeared from the TOC and I'm too tired to figure out why, so I won't be posting my file before tomorrow.
Mark, there's an error in 1 Cor 2:4.
Mac Pro (late 2013) OS 12.6.2
This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!
Just to let you know that I've worked out a way of getting English glosses in the list. Given that most of us don't know the meaning of hapax legomenas, I think that would be pretty useful, so I'm redoing the file with those included. I'll add sub-headings as I do, so I thought I'd let you know in case you preferred to wait, rather than add them yourself.
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Dear Mark...I found one Hapax you may have missed from the great list you compiled...
2 Tim 1:8... be partaker of affliction - syfkakopatheo G4777
God bless
John
Hi John - and welcome to the forums
Dear Mark...I found one Hapax you may have missed from the great list you compiled...
2 Tim 1:8... be partaker of affliction - syfkakopatheo G4777
This also appears in 2 Timothy 2:3
Graham
I found one Hapax you may have missed from the great list you compiled...
Hello John,
Thanks for letting me know about this. As Graham says, συγκακοπαθέω also appears in 2 Timothy 2:3, at least in the eclectic texts. It's not present there in the Received Text, which has σὺ οὖν κακοπάθησον instead.
So it's not clear whether or not it's hapax legomena. Personally, I consider the eclectic texts more accurate, so my list is based on those texts (specifically NA28).
Mark
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(Robin)
Just trying to clarify this (to myself, mostly) ... that is, in the "Byzantine Textform 2005," by Maurice Robinson, I find verse 1:8 to read as:
***
1:8 Μὴ οὖν ἐπαισχυνθῇς τὸ μαρτύριον τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν, μηδὲ ἐμὲ τὸν δέσμιον αὐτοῦ· ἀλλὰ συγκακοπάθησον τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ κατὰ δύναμιν θεοῦ,
mE oun epaischunthEs to marturion tou kuriou hEmOn mEde eme ton desmion autou alla sugkakopathEson tO euaggeliO kata dunamin theou
***
And in 2:3 (the verse with the text variations), I find it to read as:
***
2:3* Σὺ οὖν κακοπάθησον ὡς καλὸς στρατιώτης Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ.
su oun kakopathEson hOs kalos stratiOtEs iEsou christou
***
2:3 Different Word and Deletions
σὺ οὖν κακοπάθησον
C2 Dc K L Byz syrh goth Chrysostom Euthalius Theodoret John-Damascus ς ND Dio
su oun kakopasEson
you {1473 P-2NS} therefore {3767 CONJ} be you evil-suffering {2553 V-AAM-2S}
sugkakopathEson
be you together-evil-suffering {4777 V-AAM-2S}
συγκακοπάθησον
WH NR CEI Riv TILC Nv NM
2:3* Syntax
Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Byz ς ND Dio
iEsou christou
of Yeshua/ of Jesus {2424 N-GSM} of Anointed/ of Christ {5547 N-GSM}
christou iEsou
of Anointed/ of Christ {5547 N-GSM} of Yeshua/ of Jesus {2424 N-GSM}
Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ
WH NR CEI Riv TILC Nv NM
Love your work, thanks! I have a question along the lines of the hapax. My question sort of came up earlier in the discussion with 2 Timothy.
Would it be pissue to expand the master list to include words that only occur within one book?
For example, a word may occur 4 times, but all of them in 2 Peter
Hi Daniel,
There's no easy way that I know of to get this type of information from Logos - although if you're interested in one particular book, it could be done via Word Lists.
Mark
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Hi Mark,
Thanks for the list of hapaxes, it was useful. Can you make similar lists of dis legomena and tris legomena also. I can't do it using my software.
Thanks,
Chris
(Robin)
My question is
The term "hapax legomena" (for words that only appear once) is a bit confusing to me ...
That is, take for instance the verb "ἐλλόγει" ("ellogei" - #1677 V-PAM-2S) found in Philemon 1:18, but this same verb in another form, "ἐλλογεῖται" ("ellogeitai" - #1677 V-PPI-3S}, is also found in Romans 5:13 ...
So would both instances of this verb configuration be considered to be "hapax legomena," or because it's the same verb used twice, would this disqualify it? That is, each instance of the word is, indeed, unique ... "only appears once" ... so wouldn't this count as there being two different words that are "hapax legomena?"
Note #1: Did not see "ἐλλογεῖται" (from Romans 5:13) in your listing ...there any reason for this?
Note #2:The word "ἐλλόγει" (from Philemon 1:18) is a souce text variation; Westcott-Hort read this as "ἐλλόγα" ("elloga" - 1677 V-PAM-2S)
ἐλλόγα
WH
ei de ti EdikEsen se E opheilei touto emoi ellogei
1:18* Εἰ δέ τι ἠδίκησέν σε ἢ ὀφείλει, τοῦτο ἐμοὶ ἐλλόγει·
"Yet if any [thing] to you he had wronged, or he indebts,
to this [matter] be you imputing unto me." (~Robin)
if {1487 COND} yet {1161 CONJ} to any [thing] {5100 X-ASN} he had wronged {0091 V-AAI-3S} to you {1473 P-2AS} or {2228 PRT} he indebts {3784 V-PAI-3S} to this [thing] {3778 D-ASN} unto me {1473 P-1DS} be you imputing {1677 V-PAM-2S}
The term "hapax legomena" (for words that only appear once) is a bit confusing to me ...
Hapax Legomena refers to words that are found only once, regardless of the form. In the example you give, both words are the same in their dictionary form (ἐλλογέω), so that's not an hapax legomena.
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Blame the philologists for this common term (to them). From Wikipedia:
"A hapax legomenon (/ˈhæpəks lɨˈɡɒmɨnɒn/ also /ˈhæpæks/ or /ˈheɪpæks/; pl. hapax legomena; sometimes abbreviated to hapax, pl. hapaxes) is a word that occurs only once within a context, either in the written record of an entire language, in the works of an author, or in a single text. The term is sometimes incorrectly used to describe a word that occurs in just one of an author's works, even though it occurs more than once in that work. Hapax legomenon is a transliteration of Greek ἅπαξ λεγόμενον, meaning "(something) said (only) once"."
By "term" or word" what is generally meant is the lemma form with the lemma having multiple forms which may appear in manuscript form or surface text form. That is to say "cow" cows", cow's", "cows'" are considered multiple forms of the word cow. But as you look across a variety of languages you are correct that the very idea of word is a very slippery one.
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
However, each of these words are ... UNIQUE ... s
o the term is, as defined (by you and others),
rather vague and deficient! ... Don't you think?
Most people would agree that "bible" and "bibles" are the same word, but in different forms (one is singular and one is plural). Equally, most people would agree that "go" and "goes" are the same word, but one is used in the first person "I go", and the other in the second person "she goes". That's a pretty common understanding, and that's the logic behind this list. I don't think it's either vague or deficient.
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The term "hapax legomena" (for words that only appear once) is a bit confusing to me ...Hapax Legomena refers to words that are found only once, regardless of the form. In the example you give, both words are the same in their dictionary form (ἐλλογέω), so that's not an hapax legomena.
The term is also used for words that may occur more than once in the Bible, but are always found in an identical context/sentence.
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Mark, Clearly a lot of work and time went into this. Thank you so very much. Brenda
Thank you!
Dear, Brother Mark:
I just finished writing and posting my response on the Hebrew Hapax Legomena, and now I am going to do it for the Greek. I am privileged to be able to teach Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic at the Azusa Pacific Seminary in San Diego, CA, and your work in the MT and the Greek NT will be of tremendous help and assistance to my students who are pursuing both pastoral ministry, as well as academic, teaching positions. Indeed, what you have done through your diligent and committed work unto the Lord is to allow the Holy Spirit to bring to life even more clearly God's Eternal Word of Truth to a spiritually hungry and needy humanity - keep up your diligent work as to the Lord (Col. 3:23-24).
God bless you,
Justin T. Alfred
Thanks Mark very helpful.
Hey all. Yeah I'm six years late chiming-in since i just came across this wonderful and innovative list. Thank you for your labor, Mark! Does anyone know if there is another list like this for all the (If/Then) conditional statements of the NT? There used to be an iOS app that provided a list of these "conditional statements" and appropriating them in 3 different lists: 1st class, 2nd class, and 3rd class conditions. However, the app is no longer working or supported by the developer. Grace and Peace to you all.
Does anyone know if there is another list like this for all the (If/Then) conditional statements of the NT? There used to be an iOS app that provided a list of these "conditional statements" and appropriating them in 3 different lists: 1st class, 2nd class, and 3rd class conditions
StevenG —
1st, 2nd, 3rd, and even 4th class conditionals (well, only 'mixed' 4th class conditionals in the NT) are annotated by the "Greek Grammatical Constructions" dataset (more info). Additionally, protasis and apodosis of each conditional are also annotated. You can search for them using Bible search with:
Alternately, if you have access to Grace Theological Journal, there is a series of articles by Boyer that describe and collect conditionals.
Hope it helps!
Rick Brannan
Data Wrangler, Faithlife
My books in print
I am unable to download this hapax list ... could I get someone to send me a copy at robinriley39@gmail.com ... thank you
Just a quick reaction. Thank you for this. Not sure if you want to compare your list with the list in Denaux, Adelbert, Rita Corstjens, and Hellen Mardaga, eds. The Vocabulary of Luke: An Alphabetical Presentation and a Survey of Characteristic and Noteworthy Words and Word Groups in Luke's Gospel, Biblical Tools and Studies, vol. 10. Leuven: Peeters, 2009.
Their statistics are based on Nestle-Aland 27. On pp. XXXII-XXXIII of the above work, you'll find "Words that appear only once in Luke" : 284 hapax of which 55 are proper names, resulting in 229 hapax compared to your list of 221 (without proper names; calculation based on Word's tabulation). Thus, a difference of eight words.
For comparison with the other synoptics, they indicate 102 hapax in Matthew and 74 in Mark.
Best regards - James
Mark Barnes,
Thanks for generating this listing of all Hapax Legomenon. Here I come, exactly 8 yrs afterwards, to find it most helpful. Thanks again and Blessings to you, sir!!
I too would like to add my gratitude to Mark for sharing this work. I came across this post in 2017 and I'm still using the list in various ways in Logos to this day.
Just to help anyone out who is studying hapax legomena in 2 Peter, many commentaries (who are all citing Bauckham's WBC volume) state that there are 57 words in 2 Peter that appear nowhere else in the NT. Some explicitly call them hapax legomena (which would mean they appear only once, at least that's my understanding of the term). You'll notice Mark's list only has 47 words for 2 Peter. When I replicated my own list I got 48, but this is because I didn't take out the proper name (Βοσόρ) in 2 Pet 2:15.
The issue for me was that I don't own Bauckham's commentary to get the details of his analysis on the vocabulary of 2 Peter. As far as I can tell, however, the difference between Bauckham's 57 and Mark's 47 words is that there are 9 words in 2 Peter that appear 2 or 3 times (rather than once) in 2 Peter but nowhere else in the NT, plus 1 proper name (mentioned above) that Mark excluded. Here are the 9 words:
| Lemma | Gloss | Verse(s) |
| ἐπάγγελμα | promise | 1:4; 3:13 |
| ταχινός | swift; coming soon; imminent | 1:14; 2:1 |
| ἔκπαλαι | long ago; for a long time | 2:3; 3:5 |
| ἄθεσμος | lawless | 2:7; 3:17 |
| ἀστήρικτος | weak; unstable | 2:14; 3:16 |
| ἡττάομαι | be defeated; succumb to | 2:19, 20 |
| καυσόω | burn up; be consumed by heat | 3:10, 12 |
| ἀποφεύγω | escape; escape from | 1:4; 2:18, 20 |
| ἐξακολουθέω | follow; pursue | 1:16; 2:2, 15 |
Maybe no one needs this but me but I was quite perplexed as to what the difference in the word count might be. Although if I owned Bauckham's commentary I probably could have answered the question much more easily.
What original language text was used to create each list?
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
What original language text was used to create each list?
Both Mark and I used the NA28. I'm assuming Bauckham would have been using whichever Nestle-Aland edition was out in 1983 (NA26?). I found another word that is a textual variant that might be contributing to the difference.
ὀλίγως (scarcely; barely) in 2 Peter 2:18 is a hapax legomenon in the SBLGNT, WH, Tregelles, NA27 (according to the SBLGNT apparatus; I don't have the NA27), and OpenText. Does anyone know if OpenText is based on the NA27? The NA28 has ὄντως (truly; really) at that place, which is not a hapax legomenon in the NA28.
Thank you. What is the total number of NT hapax legomena in the Greek NT? I did not see a number in the document you posted, and am not sure how to get that number in my Logos (or Accordance) Bible software. Thank you.
Use the concordance tool to find counts by lemmas including counts of 1.
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
Use the concordance tool to find counts by lemmas including counts of 1.
As I said above, there are some words used more than once in the Bible, but they are used in identical grammatical settings. Using a totally made up example, there might be 6 books that begin, "Greeting to all my buddies in the hinterlands...", where "hinterlands" is used only in these 6 places and no where else. Even though its "count" is six, technically, due to it occurring only in these identical contextual settings, it is as though it is found only once. Some count these as HLs, as well.
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Thank you. What is the total number of NT hapax legomena in the Greek NT? I did not see a number in the document you posted
It's easy to put the second list into Excel and take out the alphabet group headers: 1672 hapax legomena in Mark's list (hope that's the same the concordance tool will give)
Have joy in the Lord! 
1. can you make a list of dis/tris legomena? 2. can you make a second list treating Luke and Acts as one piece?
Nice!
Mark
List of hapax legomena says nothing, we should get list of full lexical base of a given author (luke, mark, paul, john etc)
we should get list of full lexical base of a given author
The Concordance Tool does this.
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
Thank you, Mark.
This list is very helpful. Looks like you posted this 11 years ago. It is still bearing fruit!
Is there a reason you have not included κεχαριτωμένη (Lk 1:28) ? I could certainly think of good reasons not to….
It's not a hapax legomenon. It appears twice in the NT.
Thanks, Mark!
Did somebody page me?