List of New Testament Hapax Legomena
Comments
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The term "hapax legomena" (for words that only appear once) is a bit confusing to me ...
Hapax Legomena refers to words that are found only once, regardless of the form. In the example you give, both words are the same in their dictionary form (ἐλλογέω), so that's not an hapax legomena.
The term is also used for words that may occur more than once in the Bible, but are always found in an identical context/sentence.
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"The Unbelievable Work...believe it or not." Little children...Biblical prophecy is not Christianity's friend.
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Does anyone know if there is another list like this for all the (If/Then) conditional statements of the NT? There used to be an iOS app that provided a list of these "conditional statements" and appropriating them in 3 different lists: 1st class, 2nd class, and 3rd class conditions
StevenG —
1st, 2nd, 3rd, and even 4th class conditionals (well, only 'mixed' 4th class conditionals in the NT) are annotated by the "Greek Grammatical Constructions" dataset (more info). Additionally, protasis and apodosis of each conditional are also annotated. You can search for them using Bible search with:
- First Class: {Section <GramCon 1C>}
- Second Class: {Section <GramCon 2C>}
- Third Class: {Section <GramCon 3C>}
- Fourth Class: {Section <GramCon 4C>}
Alternately, if you have access to Grace Theological Journal, there is a series of articles by Boyer that describe and collect conditionals.
Hope it helps!
Rick Brannan
Data Wrangler, Faithlife
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Just a quick reaction. Thank you for this. Not sure if you want to compare your list with the list in Denaux, Adelbert, Rita Corstjens, and Hellen Mardaga, eds. The Vocabulary of Luke: An Alphabetical Presentation and a Survey of Characteristic and Noteworthy Words and Word Groups in Luke's Gospel, Biblical Tools and Studies, vol. 10. Leuven: Peeters, 2009.
Their statistics are based on Nestle-Aland 27. On pp. XXXII-XXXIII of the above work, you'll find "Words that appear only once in Luke" : 284 hapax of which 55 are proper names, resulting in 229 hapax compared to your list of 221 (without proper names; calculation based on Word's tabulation). Thus, a difference of eight words.
For comparison with the other synoptics, they indicate 102 hapax in Matthew and 74 in Mark.
Best regards - James
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Mark Barnes,
Thanks for generating this listing of all Hapax Legomenon. Here I come, exactly 8 yrs afterwards, to find it most helpful. Thanks again and Blessings to you, sir!!
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I too would like to add my gratitude to Mark for sharing this work. I came across this post in 2017 and I'm still using the list in various ways in Logos to this day.
Just to help anyone out who is studying hapax legomena in 2 Peter, many commentaries (who are all citing Bauckham's WBC volume) state that there are 57 words in 2 Peter that appear nowhere else in the NT. Some explicitly call them hapax legomena (which would mean they appear only once, at least that's my understanding of the term). You'll notice Mark's list only has 47 words for 2 Peter. When I replicated my own list I got 48, but this is because I didn't take out the proper name (Βοσόρ) in 2 Pet 2:15.
The issue for me was that I don't own Bauckham's commentary to get the details of his analysis on the vocabulary of 2 Peter. As far as I can tell, however, the difference between Bauckham's 57 and Mark's 47 words is that there are 9 words in 2 Peter that appear 2 or 3 times (rather than once) in 2 Peter but nowhere else in the NT, plus 1 proper name (mentioned above) that Mark excluded. Here are the 9 words:
Lemma Gloss Verse(s) ἐπάγγελμα promise 1:4; 3:13 ταχινός swift; coming soon; imminent 1:14; 2:1 ἔκπαλαι long ago; for a long time 2:3; 3:5 ἄθεσμος lawless 2:7; 3:17 ἀστήρικτος weak; unstable 2:14; 3:16 ἡττάομαι be defeated; succumb to 2:19, 20 καυσόω burn up; be consumed by heat 3:10, 12 ἀποφεύγω escape; escape from 1:4; 2:18, 20 ἐξακολουθέω follow; pursue 1:16; 2:2, 15 Maybe no one needs this but me but I was quite perplexed as to what the difference in the word count might be. Although if I owned Bauckham's commentary I probably could have answered the question much more easily.
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What original language text was used to create each list?
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
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What original language text was used to create each list?
Both Mark and I used the NA28. I'm assuming Bauckham would have been using whichever Nestle-Aland edition was out in 1983 (NA26?). I found another word that is a textual variant that might be contributing to the difference.
ὀλίγως (scarcely; barely) in 2 Peter 2:18 is a hapax legomenon in the SBLGNT, WH, Tregelles, NA27 (according to the SBLGNT apparatus; I don't have the NA27), and OpenText. Does anyone know if OpenText is based on the NA27? The NA28 has ὄντως (truly; really) at that place, which is not a hapax legomenon in the NA28.
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Thank you. What is the total number of NT hapax legomena in the Greek NT? I did not see a number in the document you posted, and am not sure how to get that number in my Logos (or Accordance) Bible software. Thank you.
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Use the concordance tool to find counts by lemmas including counts of 1.
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
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Thank you. What is the total number of NT hapax legomena in the Greek NT? I did not see a number in the document you posted
It's easy to put the second list into Excel and take out the alphabet group headers: 1672 hapax legomena in Mark's list (hope that's the same the concordance tool will give)
Have joy in the Lord!
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Use the concordance tool to find counts by lemmas including counts of 1.
As I said above, there are some words used more than once in the Bible, but they are used in identical grammatical settings. Using a totally made up example, there might be 6 books that begin, "Greeting to all my buddies in the hinterlands...", where "hinterlands" is used only in these 6 places and no where else. Even though its "count" is six, technically, due to it occurring only in these identical contextual settings, it is as though it is found only once. Some count these as HLs, as well.
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"The Unbelievable Work...believe it or not." Little children...Biblical prophecy is not Christianity's friend.
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1. can you make a list of dis/tris legomena? 2. can you make a second list treating Luke and Acts as one piece?
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Nice!
Mark
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List of hapax legomena says nothing, we should get list of full lexical base of a given author (luke, mark, paul, john etc)
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we should get list of full lexical base of a given author
The Concordance Tool does this.
Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."
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Thank you, Mark.
This list is very helpful. Looks like you posted this 11 years ago. It is still bearing fruit!
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I am unable to download this hapax list ... could I get someone to send me a copy at robinriley39@gmail.com ... thank you
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There seems to be an updated NT
list ...? ... where can I get a copy of this
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