List of New Testament Hapax Legomena

Mark Barnes
Mark Barnes Member Posts: 15,432 ✭✭✭
edited November 2024 in English Forum

Here's a list of NT hapax legomena generated from Logos 5, with a bit of manipulating in Excel. The document contains two lists, one in Scripture order, and one in alphabetical order. (There's also a version for the Hebrew Bible.)

3465.Hapax Legomena.docx

This is an updated file, which includes some corrections, and adds sub-headings and English glosses.

This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!

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  • Jack Hairston
    Jack Hairston Member Posts: 1,089 ✭✭✭

    Thanks, Mark!

  • Graham Criddle
    Graham Criddle MVP Posts: 33,125

    Thanks Mark

    Great work, Graham 

  • Rosie Perera
    Rosie Perera Member Posts: 26,194 ✭✭✭✭✭

    Thank you, Mark. Many people have been wanting something like this.

    How hard would it be to do something similar for the OT?

  • Mark Barnes
    Mark Barnes Member Posts: 15,432 ✭✭✭


    How hard would it be to do something similar for the OT?

    I'm already working on that. The process is essentially the same, but the far greater size of the OT makes it slower. It's also less clear as to which manuscript to use (BHS/WIVU, AFAT and Lexham Hebrew Bible are the options). Because of the complexities of Hebrew, the tagging systems often make quite different decisions regarding lemmas - particularly whether homonymns justify different lemmas or not.

    This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!

  • Bruce Dunning
    Bruce Dunning MVP Posts: 11,148

    I really appreciate your work on this too in light of our previous conversation.

    Using adventure and community to challenge young people to continually say "yes" to God

  • fgh
    fgh Member Posts: 8,948 ✭✭✭

    Thanks, Mark.

    Does anyone else [on a Mac] get endless beach balls trying to do anything at all in this resource? I recompiled and that helped a bit, but not enough, unfortunately. I'm wondering if it has to do with the warnings*, and if perhaps Mac is more sensitive to them than Windows?

    * [Warning] Article 'A_SCRIPTUREORDER' has 54008 characters. Consider shortening this article.
      [Warning] Article 'A_ALPHABETICALORDER' has 54001 characters. Consider shortening this article.

    Mac Pro (late 2013) OS 12.6.2

  • Paul-C
    Paul-C Member Posts: 1,896 ✭✭✭

    fgh, I'm running L5 on Mac OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.2 on a MBP with a SSD and 8GB of RAM.  I got the following warning messages after compiling this PB:

    [Warning] Article 'A_SCRIPTUREORDER' has 54008 characters. Consider shortening this article.

    [Warning] Article 'A_ALPHABETICALORDER' has 54001 characters. Consider shortening this article.

    [The same errors that you got.]

    Logos 5 was slow to open this PB from my library - and is slow at responding when I click on the arrow at the top-left of the screen to access the chapter hyperlinks.  I was able to scroll reasonably freely up and down the PB, however if I tried dragging the slider to scroll right through the resource (i.e. from top to bottom), I would get the spinning beach ball for about five seconds at the half way point before it continued.

     

  • fgh
    fgh Member Posts: 8,948 ✭✭✭

    Paul, what happens when you click the alphabetical or scripture order headings in the TOC? What about widening and narrowing the TOC?

    Mac Pro (late 2013) OS 12.6.2

  • Paul-C
    Paul-C Member Posts: 1,896 ✭✭✭

    fgh said:

    Paul, what happens when you click the alphabetical or scripture order headings in the TOC? What about widening and narrowing the TOC?

    When I click on the alphabetical or scripture headings in the TOC, there was a slight delay and then the spinny beach ball for about two or three seconds.  It would then allow me to freely click in the TOC (and instantly respond) a few times, however after a short while, I'd get the pause and spinny beach ball again and the pattern would repeat itself.

    There's a big delay when I try and drag to widen / narrow the TOC.  However, I don't get any spinny beach ball with the pause.

     

  • fgh
    fgh Member Posts: 8,948 ✭✭✭

    Thanks. It seems you're seeing the same thing I do, just a lot less of it due to your better computer. For me it's literally minutes of beach balls.

    I'm guessing a few subheadings may do the trick: 'Gospels', 'Epistles', 'A-F'... Might try that later if Mark doesn't beat me to it.

    EDIT: Oops, that should be Greek alphabet, not English, of course.[:)]

    Mac Pro (late 2013) OS 12.6.2

  • Mission: To serve God as He desires.

  • Paul-C
    Paul-C Member Posts: 1,896 ✭✭✭
  • Mark Barnes
    Mark Barnes Member Posts: 15,432 ✭✭✭

    fgh said:

    I'm guessing a few subheadings may do the trick: 'Gospels', 'Epistles', 'A-F'... Might try that later if Mark doesn't beat me to it.

    I did notice the warnings, and it's certainly the case that Logos' performance suffers with long articles (Logos resources often have hidden article breaks, but I don't think you can do these in Personal Books). On my PC though, the performance was pretty reasonable, so I left it as it was. I'm sure some strategically placed headings would fix things. If you don't mind, it may be better for you to do it - you could test it on your Mac, and make sure the number of headings was appropriate for the speed increase necessary.

    This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!

  • Paul-C
    Paul-C Member Posts: 1,896 ✭✭✭

    2664.Mark Barnes - Hapax Legomena.docx

    fgh said:

    I'm guessing a few subheadings may do the trick: 'Gospels', 'Epistles', 'A-F'... Might try that later if Mark doesn't beat me to it.

    I did notice the warnings, and it's certainly the case that Logos' performance suffers with long articles (Logos resources often have hidden article breaks, but I don't think you can do these in Personal Books). On my PC though, the performance was pretty reasonable, so I left it as it was. I'm sure some strategically placed headings would fix things. If you don't mind, it may be better for you to do it - you could test it on your Mac, and make sure the number of headings was appropriate for the speed increase necessary.

    I've broken down the two sections of this PB using level 2 headings - Scripture section by: Gospels, History (Acts), Pauline Epistles, General Epistles, Prophecy (Revelation)) and the Alphabetical section into four groups of 6 letters, and performance has improved a lot!  There's still a slight hesitation when scrolling or opening the TOC pane, but performance for me is 100% better than before.  Thanks for the suggestion fgh (and Mark)!

    I've attached my edited file in case anyone wants to use (or improve) it.

  • fgh
    fgh Member Posts: 8,948 ✭✭✭

    Thanks to both of you for confirming that subheadings is the way to go, and thanks for the new file, Paul. I've had to divide it up even further, but I'm not used to working with tables, so seeing how you did it helped a lot. It works better now, but the level 1 headings have disappeared from the TOC and I'm too tired to figure out why, so I won't be posting my file before tomorrow.

    Mark, there's an error in 1 Cor 2:4.

    Mac Pro (late 2013) OS 12.6.2

  • Mark Barnes
    Mark Barnes Member Posts: 15,432 ✭✭✭

    fgh said:

    Mark, there's an error in 1 Cor 2:4.

    Thanks. It's caused by the text saying "ἐν πειθοῖ[ς] σοφίας".

     

    This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!

  • Mark Barnes
    Mark Barnes Member Posts: 15,432 ✭✭✭

    Just to let you know that I've worked out a way of getting English glosses in the list. Given that most of us don't know the meaning of hapax legomenas, I think that would be pretty useful, so I'm redoing the file with those included. I'll add sub-headings as I do, so I thought I'd let you know in case you preferred to wait, rather than add them yourself.

    This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!

  • Paul-C
    Paul-C Member Posts: 1,896 ✭✭✭
  • Mark Barnes
    Mark Barnes Member Posts: 15,432 ✭✭✭

    The updated file is now available. You can download it from the first post in the thread. It includes sub-headings and English glosses.

    This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!

  • Paul-C
    Paul-C Member Posts: 1,896 ✭✭✭

    Mark, thanks so much for this.  

    For info, this file works well on my MacBook Pro - no doubt due to the many sub-headings Mark inserted in this file.  Also, there were no warnings on compiling this PB. [Y]

  • fgh
    fgh Member Posts: 8,948 ✭✭✭

    Thanks, Mark. That works much better! And the English is a great improvement as well, of course.

    Mac Pro (late 2013) OS 12.6.2

  • Graham Criddle
    Graham Criddle MVP Posts: 33,125

    HI Mark

    Just downloaded your updated version - great job, many thanks

    Graham 

  • Jack Caviness
    Jack Caviness MVP Posts: 13,586

    Downloaded updated file. No errors, no warnings. Works great on L4 Mac, with my 8-year-old Mac Pro. Multiplied thanks.

  • David Paul
    David Paul Member Posts: 6,056 ✭✭✭

    ASUS  ProArt x570s Creator, AMD R9 5950x, HyperX 64gb 3600 RAM, ASUS Strix RTX 2080 ti

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  • BR
    BR Member Posts: 87 ✭✭

    The updated file is now available. You can download it from the first post in the thread. It includes sub-headings and English glosses.

    Thanks Mark, really helpful. One question though: Why did you decide to leave out proper names? I thought they would belong in such a list, too.

    BR

    BR

  • Mark Barnes
    Mark Barnes Member Posts: 15,432 ✭✭✭

    Thanks Mark, really helpful. One question though: Why did you decide to leave out proper names? I thought they would belong in such a list, too.

    I simply didn't feel they'd be useful, and other lists of Hapax Legomena I've seen also exclude proper nouns.

    This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!

  • BR
    BR Member Posts: 87 ✭✭

    Thanks Mark, really helpful. One question though: Why did you decide to leave out proper names? I thought they would belong in such a list, too.

    I simply didn't feel they'd be useful, and other lists of Hapax Legomena I've seen also exclude proper nouns.

    Well, one of the names is Emmanuel (Mt 1,23) – perhaps a borderline case? But I guess I understand your reasoning, most of the names are indeed perhaps not all that interesting. 

    BR

    BR

  • Bruce Dunning
    Bruce Dunning MVP Posts: 11,148

    Just to let you know that I've worked out a way of getting English glosses in the list. Given that most of us don't know the meaning of hapax legomenas, I think that would be pretty useful, so I'm redoing the file with those included. I'll add sub-headings as I do, so I thought I'd let you know in case you preferred to wait, rather than add them yourself.

    That is great Mark. That will improve the document greatly. Do you mind sharing the process you used to also include the glosses?

    Using adventure and community to challenge young people to continually say "yes" to God

  • Mark Barnes
    Mark Barnes Member Posts: 15,432 ✭✭✭

    Do you mind sharing the process you used to also include the glosses?

    The index was created like this:

    1. I created a word list of the entire NA28, and sorted by frequency.
    2. I exported this to Microsoft Excel, and deleted words which appeared more than once.
    3. I copied the resulting list of lemmas to a text editor, and using find/replace to convert the list into a Logos search string. I added ANDNOT <LN 93> to remove proper nouns.
    4. I performed an analysis search using this search string, sorted by Scripture reference, and  exported into Excel. I copied this export into a second worksheet on the original spreadsheet.
    5. We now have two worksheets. The first has the lemmas and their English glosses (but no Scripture reference). The second has the lemmas and their Scripture reference, but no English glosses. So, using Excel’s vlookup function, I add the English gloss to the search analysis export.
    6. After deleting unnecessary columns, the resulting list is copied and pasted into Word, then sorted be lemma and copied and pasted again.
    7. All that's left to do then is add the headings and so on. The whole process took around 20 minutes.

    This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!

  • Bruce Dunning
    Bruce Dunning MVP Posts: 11,148

    I appreciate you taking time to explain the process. Wow, that is quite complicated (and fascinating). I continue to learn so much from you Mark. Thanks!

    Using adventure and community to challenge young people to continually say "yes" to God

  • John Goodman
    John Goodman Member Posts: 1,738 ✭✭✭

    גַּם־חֹשֶׁךְ֮ לֹֽא־יַחְשִׁ֪יךְ מִ֫מֶּ֥ךָ וְ֭לַיְלָה כַּיּ֣וֹם יָאִ֑יר כַּ֝חֲשֵׁיכָ֗ה כָּאוֹרָֽה

  • John C. Butler
    John C. Butler Member Posts: 1 ✭✭

    Dear Mark...I found one Hapax you may have missed from the great list you compiled...

    2 Tim 1:8...  be partaker of affliction - syfkakopatheo   G4777

    God bless

    John

  • Graham Criddle
    Graham Criddle MVP Posts: 33,125

    Hi John - and welcome to the forums

    Dear Mark...I found one Hapax you may have missed from the great list you compiled...

    2 Tim 1:8...  be partaker of affliction - syfkakopatheo   G4777

    This also appears in 2 Timothy 2:3

    Graham

  • Mark Barnes
    Mark Barnes Member Posts: 15,432 ✭✭✭

    I found one Hapax you may have missed from the great list you compiled...

    2 Tim 1:8..

    Hello John,

    Thanks for letting me know about this. As Graham says, συγκακοπαθέω also appears in 2 Timothy 2:3, at least in the eclectic texts. It's not present there in the Received Text, which has σὺ οὖν κακοπάθησον instead.

    So it's not clear whether or not it's hapax legomena. Personally, I consider the eclectic texts more accurate, so my list is based on those texts (specifically NA28).

    Mark

    This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!

  • Daniel J Weber
    Daniel J Weber Member Posts: 2 ✭✭

    Love your work, thanks!  I have a question along the lines of the hapax.  My question sort of came up earlier in the discussion with 2 Timothy. 

    Would it be pissue to expand the master list to include words that only occur within one book?

    For example, a word may occur 4 times, but all of them in 2 Peter  

  • Mark Barnes
    Mark Barnes Member Posts: 15,432 ✭✭✭

    Hi Daniel,

    There's no easy way that I know of to get this type of information from Logos - although if you're interested in one particular book, it could be done via Word Lists.

    Mark

    This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!

  • Chris Lenz
    Chris Lenz Member Posts: 1 ✭✭

    Hi Mark,
    Thanks for the list of hapaxes, it was useful. Can you make similar lists of dis legomena and tris legomena also. I can't do it using my software.

    Thanks,

    Chris

  • robin riley
    robin riley Member Posts: 8 ✭✭

    (Robin)

    My question is 

    The term "hapax legomena" (for words that only appear once) is a bit confusing to me ...

    That is, take for instance the verb "ἐλλόγει" ("ellogei" - #1677 V-PAM-2S) found in Philemon 1:18, but this same verb in another form, "ἐλλογεῖται" ("ellogeitai" - #1677 V-PPI-3S}, is  also found in Romans 5:13 ...

    So would both instances of this verb configuration be considered to be "hapax legomena," or because it's the same verb used twice, would this disqualify it?  That is, each instance of the word is, indeed, unique ... "only appears once" ... so wouldn't this count as there being two different words that are "hapax legomena?"

    Note #1: Did not see "ἐλλογεῖται" (from Romans 5:13) in your listing ...there any reason for this?

    Note #2:The word "ἐλλόγει" (from Philemon 1:18) is a souce text variation; Westcott-Hort read this as "ἐλλόγα" ("elloga" - 1677 V-PAM-2S)

     

    ἐλλόγα

    WH

     

    ei de ti EdikEsen se E opheilei touto emoi ellogei

    1:18* Εἰ δέ τι ἠδίκησέν σε ἢ ὀφείλει, τοῦτο ἐμοὶ ἐλλόγει·

    "Yet if any [thing] to you he had wronged, or he indebts,

    to this [matter] be you imputing unto me." (~Robin)

     if {1487 COND} yet {1161 CONJ} to any [thing] {5100 X-ASN} he had wronged {0091 V-AAI-3S} to you {1473 P-2AS} or {2228 PRT} he indebts {3784 V-PAI-3S} to this [thing] {3778 D-ASN} unto me {1473 P-1DS} be you imputing {1677 V-PAM-2S} 

  • robin riley
    robin riley Member Posts: 8 ✭✭

    (Robin)

    Just trying to clarify this (to myself, mostly) ... that is, in the "Byzantine Textform 2005," by Maurice Robinson, I find verse 1:8 to read as:

    ***

    1:8 Μὴ οὖν ἐπαισχυνθῇς τὸ μαρτύριον τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν, μηδὲ ἐμὲ τὸν δέσμιον αὐτοῦ· ἀλλὰ συγκακοπάθησον τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ κατὰ δύναμιν θεοῦ,

    mE oun epaischunthEs to marturion tou kuriou hEmOn mEde eme ton desmion autou alla sugkakopathEson tO euaggeliO kata dunamin theou 

    ***

    And in 2:3 (the verse with the text variations), I find it to read as:

    ***

    2:3* Σὺ οὖν κακοπάθησον ὡς καλὸς στρατιώτης Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ.

     su oun kakopathEson hOs kalos stratiOtEs iEsou christou

    ***

     

    2:3 Different Word and Deletions

     

    σὺ οὖν κακοπάθησον

    C2 Dc K L Byz syrh goth Chrysostom Euthalius Theodoret John-Damascus ς ND Dio

     

    su oun kakopasEson

    you {1473 P-2NS} therefore {3767 CONJ} be you evil-suffering {2553 V-AAM-2S}

     

    sugkakopathEson

    be you together-evil-suffering {4777 V-AAM-2S}

     

    συγκακοπάθησον

    WH NR CEI Riv TILC Nv NM

     

     

    2:3* Syntax

     

    Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ

    Byz ς ND Dio

     

    iEsou christou

    of Yeshua/ of Jesus {2424 N-GSM} of Anointed/ of Christ {5547 N-GSM}

     

    christou iEsou

    of Anointed/ of Christ {5547 N-GSM} of Yeshua/ of Jesus {2424 N-GSM}

     

    Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ

    WH NR CEI Riv TILC Nv NM

     

  • Mark Barnes
    Mark Barnes Member Posts: 15,432 ✭✭✭

    The term "hapax legomena" (for words that only appear once) is a bit confusing to me ...

    Hapax Legomena refers to words that are found only once, regardless of the form. In the example you give, both words are the same in their dictionary form (ἐλλογέω), so that's not an hapax legomena.

    This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!

  • robin riley
    robin riley Member Posts: 8 ✭✭

    (Robin)

    However, each of these words are ... UNIQUE ... s

    o the term is, as defined (by you and others),

    rather vague and deficient!  ... Don't you think?

    That is, this is a ... Forum ... where thoughts are examined.

    So then ... not to  be Irish, my curse, but DO YOU examine?

      

  • MJ. Smith
    MJ. Smith MVP Posts: 54,763

    Blame the philologists for this common term (to them). From Wikipedia:

    "A hapax legomenon (/ˈhæpəks lɨˈɡɒmɨnɒn/ also /ˈhæpæks/ or /ˈhpæks/; pl. hapax legomena; sometimes abbreviated to hapax, pl. hapaxes) is a word that occurs only once within a context, either in the written record of an entire language, in the works of an author, or in a single text. The term is sometimes incorrectly used to describe a word that occurs in just one of an author's works, even though it occurs more than once in that work. Hapax legomenon is a transliteration of Greek ἅπαξ λεγόμενον, meaning "(something) said (only) once"."

    By "term" or word" what is generally meant is the lemma form with the lemma having multiple forms which may appear in manuscript form or surface text form. That is to say "cow" cows", cow's", "cows'" are considered multiple forms of the word cow. But as you look across a variety of languages you are correct that the very idea of word is a very slippery one.

    Orthodox Bishop Alfeyev: "To be a theologian means to have experience of a personal encounter with God through prayer and worship."; Orthodox proverb: "We know where the Church is, we do not know where it is not."

  • Mark Barnes
    Mark Barnes Member Posts: 15,432 ✭✭✭

    However, each of these words are ... UNIQUE ... s

    o the term is, as defined (by you and others),

    rather vague and deficient!  ... Don't you think?

    Most people would agree that "bible" and "bibles" are the same word, but in different forms (one is singular and one is plural). Equally, most people would agree that "go" and "goes" are the same word, but one is used in the first person "I go", and the other in the second person "she goes". That's a pretty common understanding, and that's the logic behind this list. I don't think it's either vague or deficient.

    This is my personal Faithlife account. On 1 March 2022, I started working for Faithlife, and have a new 'official' user account. Posts on this account shouldn't be taken as official Faithlife views!

  • Lee
    Lee Member Posts: 2,714 ✭✭✭

    However, each of these words are ... UNIQUE ... s

    o the term is, as defined (by you and others),

    rather vague and deficient!  ... Don't you think?

    Most people would agree that "bible" and "bibles" are the same word, but in different forms (one is singular and one is plural). Equally, most people would agree that "go" and "goes" are the same word, but one is used in the first person "I go", and the other in the second person "she goes". That's a pretty common understanding, and that's the logic behind this list. I don't think it's either vague or deficient.

    In plain terms, folks are particularly interested in the hapax because there could be some uncertainty with the meaning. Viewed in that light, words in different forms (each form occurring once) are less problematic.

  • robin riley
    robin riley Member Posts: 8 ✭✭

    Thankyou guys (Lee, Mark, MJ Smith) for the feedback ... I've compiled a listing of the over 7000 different word "forms" used in Paul's 13 epistles, and am now annotating each of those words, which are unique to Paul, and which are unique in "form" (declinations and parsings), so was wrestling with how tp properly use the term "hapax legomenon." 

    It's been an interesting project (and a challenging one, doing it hand over hand without software assistance), and I'll have to, now, adjust, my list annotations to comply with the more definite meaning of hapax legomenon, that MJ Smith provides (see above). But as pointed out, the idea of "word" is a somewhat slippery one.



    That hapax words are of particular interest, due to the occational uncertainty with meaning, is indeed correct (as Mark pointed out), and sometimes even when the word is used again, but in a different "form," it doesn't always make things less problematic ...compiling this list, and attempting my own translation of Paul's letters has, indeed, been a long term challenge, but a very interesting and fun one.  


    Thanks again for your feedback; perhaps I could lob a few other questions your way, now and again?


    Robin Riley
  • robin riley
    robin riley Member Posts: 8 ✭✭

    Thank you for the feedback ... and I apoligise for lumping you in with the other "guys," as I was composing my reply based on the email responses I'd received, and it wasn't until I saw your picture (here) that I realized my mistake. ...Thank you, again, MJ Smith, for the feedback 

  • GaoLu
    GaoLu Member Posts: 3,510 ✭✭✭

    Would be nice to have this for the LXX as well. 

    Would there be a way to compare LXX hapax logomena with NA27 for example?

    According to Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages, Volume 26, 2000, Proverbs alone has 161 hapax legomena.

    logosres:jnsl2000;ref=VolumeNumberPage.V_26,_N_2,_p_164;off=614  

    Not sure what this resource may have:

    Hebrew Hapax Legomena and Septuagint Lexicography, in COX (ed.), 1991, pp. 205–222.

  • Micheal Curtice
    Micheal Curtice Member Posts: 1 ✭✭

    Mark, Clearly a lot of work and time went into this. Thank you so very much. Brenda